You are here

Article Text

Article menu

Download PDFPDF

Clinical and epidemiological research
Extended report
Cardiac dysfunction in juvenile dermatomyositis: a case-control study
  1. Thomas Schwartz1,2,
  2. Helga Sanner2,3,
  3. Trygve Husebye4,
  4. Berit Flatø2,3,
  5. Ivar Sjaastad1,2,4
  1. 1Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
  2. 2Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  3. 3Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
  4. 4Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
  1. Correspondence to Thomas Schwartz, Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway; thomas.schwartz{at}medisin.uio.no

Abstract

Objective To compare cardiac function in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) with matched controls, and examine associations between pathological electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiographic abnormalities and disease variables in patients with JDM.

Methods A total of 59 patients with JDM, examined a median 16.8 years (range 2–38 years) after disease onset, were compared with 59 age-matched and sex-matched controls. Echocardiography, including early diastolic transmitral flow/early diastolic tissue velocity (E/E') as a marker for diastolic dysfunction, and 12-channel ECG were performed and analysed blinded to patient information. Disease activity and damage were assessed by clinical examination at follow-up and chart review.

Results E/E' was elevated (>9.5) in 13 (22%) patients versus 0 controls (p<0.001). In all, 10 patients presented with pathological ECG compared to 4 controls (p=0.054). Previous or current hypertension was found in 12 patients versus 0 controls (p<0.001). Among the patients, pathological ECG was found in 6/13 patients with versus 4/44 without elevated E/E' (p=0.002); and systolic blood pressure was correspondingly 132±24 mm Hg versus 112±18 mm Hg in the groups (p=0.012). E/E' correlated with cumulative organ damage assessed at follow-up (rsp 0.41, p=0.001) and disease activity at 1 year (rsp 0.56, p<0.001), which also predicted pathological E/E' after controlling for age and gender. During disease course, 12% of patients with JDM developed pericarditis.

Conclusion Only patients with JDM and no controls had subclinical left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; the patients with elevated E/E' also had high prevalence of pathological ECG and hypertension. High disease activity 1-year post diagnosis predicted high E/E' at follow-up. The findings suggest that subclinical heart disease is related to the systemic nature of JDM.

https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2010.137968

Statistics from Altmetric.com

    Request Permissions

    If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.

    Introduction

    Cardiac affection is well documented in inflammatory autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.1,–,4 In adult polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM), cardiac manifestations have been reported, but considered mainly subclinical.5 Studies on cardiac involvement in PM have shown pathological electrocardiography (ECG) in 33% to 72%.6,–,9 In 2 autopsy series from 1979 and 1982, myocarditis was found in 6 of 20 and 4 of 16 patients with PM.8,10 Two children were included in each autopsy study; none of these had cardiac disease.

    Like adult PM/DM, juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a disease of inflammation and vasculopathy.11 It is possible that the myocardium in patients with JDM can be affected by inflammation, as seen in the adult form. This may influence particularly left ventricular diastolic function, as observed in other rheumatic diseases.12,13 In a study on JDM from 1980, pathological ECG was present in 10 of 21 patients.14 Thus, it seems likely that the myocardium in patients with JDM can be affected by inflammation, just as the skeletal muscle. The knowledge on cardiac manifestations in adult myositis and JDM has been scarce, only based on few studies, case reports14,–,16 and clinical experience. Recently, two studies on JDM have suggested that cardiovascular complications are rare.17,18 However, no systematic, controlled study has been carried out.

    In the present study we compared cardiac function in a JDM cohort with that in matched controls from the general population. The primary aims were to assess left ventricular diastolic function using early diastolic transmitral flow/early diastolic tissue velocity (E/E'),19 and to investigate for abnormalities in ECG. Secondary aims were to determine whether diastolic function and/or pathological ECG correlated with patient characteristics and disease variables.

    Patients and methods

    Patients and controls

    The inclusion criteria were a probable or definitive diagnosis of DM according to the Bohan and Peter criteria for DM,20 disease onset before 18 years, minimum 24 months of disease duration and age ≥6 years at inclusion. By manual and electronic search in the in the medical records, we identified a retrospective inception cohort of patients with JDM diagnosed between January 1970 and June 2006 in Norway, as previously described in detail.21,–,23 A total of 66 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria; 4 were deceased. The remaining 62 patients could all be tracked through the Norwegian population register and 59 (95%) participated in the study. Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet (OUS) is the major referral centre for patients with JDM in Norway; hence our study population probably represents most of the patients with JDM in the country from this period.

    One sex-matched and age-matched control per patient was randomly drawn from the National Population Register. Responders with lung or heart diseases (one with atrial fibrillation), was excluded, except for mild asthma and hypertension.

    We obtained informed consent from all patients and controls (and their parents if aged <16 years), according to the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee for Medical Research.

    Data collection and clinical measures

    Clinical examination of all patients and matched controls was performed by a single doctor (HS) at OUS in the period September 2005 to May 2009. ECG and echocardiography were performed. In patients with JDM, blood samples included anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs), myositis specific or associated antibodies, muscle enzymes and cardiac markers (pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and troponin-T in 37 patients) were analysed.23 Disease activity was measured by disease activity score (DAS) for JDM24 (range 0–20, 0 means no activity), which consists of DAS skin (0–9) and DAS muscle (0–11). Cumulative organ damage was measured by the Myositis Damage Index (MDI, range 0–35/40),25 as previously described21; DAS and MDI were also scored retrospectively from the first-year post diagnosis based on chart review.21 The Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ)26 and the Child HAQ27 were used to measure physical function in patients aged ≥18 years (n=39) and <18 years (n=20), respectively. Physical health was measured by the Short Form 36 (SF-36) physical component summary (PCS).28 Disease onset was defined as time of the first muscle or skin symptom clearly related to JDM (found by chart review), and disease duration as the time from disease onset to the follow-up examination. Smoking habits (current and previous) and medication were obtained from the study cases and medical records.

    ECG and echocardiography

    A 12-channel ECG was performed on 58 patients and 57 controls. Rhythm and ST segment were assessed, and PR, corrected QT interval (QTc) and QRS duration were measured. Left ventricular hypertrophy was assessed by Cornell voltage × QRS duration product (ECG parameter indicating left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy)29; however, only validated in the adult population, it was not calculated in those <16 years. ECG was classified, blinded to clinical information and patient/control identity, as normal, borderline or pathological. Criteria for borderline ECG were: incomplete right bundle branch block, severe sinusarrhythmia, STT changes or Sokalow criterion >35 mm. Standard criteria for pathological ECG were used.30

    Two-dimensional, M-mode and Doppler echocardiography were performed for all patients and controls using a Vivid 7 ultrasound scanner (GE Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Norway).31,32 A minimum of three cycles were recorded, analysed and averaged. Data analysis was performed blinded to clinical information and to patient/control identity (TS).

    Colour coded Tissue Doppler was performed in 58 patients and 57 controls, with a frame rate of approximately 180. We used sample volumes from the mitral annulus, lateral and septal position in the four-chamber view and two corresponding positions in the two-chamber view. E and E' were recorded, and E/E' ratio, the most commonly used parameter reflecting left ventricular diastolic function, was calculated.19 Possible diastolic dysfunction was defined as E/E' > mean+2SD (>9.5) of the matched control values, which corresponds to suggested cut-off values for possible diastolic dysfunction obtained by colour coded tissue Doppler.33 Valvular regurgitation less than grade 1 was considered insignificant.

    Statistical analysis

    Differences between patients and matched controls were tested by the paired sample t test (normally and continuous distributed variables), Wilcoxon's rank sum test (continuous not normally distributed or ordinal variables) or McNemar's test (binary data). Differences between patient groups were tested by the independent sample t test, Mann–Whitney U test or χ² test as appropriate. Correlations were determined by the Spearman correlation coefficient (rsp). Two-tailed tests were used for all calculations except for ECG analyses between patients and controls, where a one-tailed significance test was used. It was considered unlikely that patients with JDM should have higher incidence of normal ECG than the controls since earlier studies have shown high incidences of abnormal ECG in JDM.6,–,9 The association between E/E' at follow-up and DAS 1-year post diagnosis was controlled for age and gender in a linear regression model. SPSS V.16.0 (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used for statistical analyses.

    Results

    Characteristics and clinical cardiac assessment

    Baseline characteristics in patients and controls are shown in table 1. One JDM patient had coronary artery disease (woman, 54 years at follow-up). There were no known cases of diabetes, heart failure or cardiac arrhythmias in neither the patient nor the control group.

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Characteristics and cardiac symptoms in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) and controls

    Seven patients had pericarditis during disease course; of these, five were within 1–2 years, one after 3 years and one 6 years after JDM diagnosis. A girl diagnosed as having JDM at age 3 years had high initial disease activity; after 3 years she became critically sick from pericarditis and later developed hypertension. Another girl with pericarditis at the age of 14 years presented with hypertension (185/80 mm Hg) at follow-up visit 27 years later. None of the controls had a history of pericarditis.

    Seven patients had been diagnosed as having hypertension prior to follow-up, whereas none of the controls were (p=0.007). A total of 12 patients had a history of hypertension and/or systolic blood pressure (BP) >140 mm Hg (145–185 mm Hg) at follow-up; none of the controls did (p<0.001). Of these, only four patients received antihypertensive treatment at follow-up (table 1).

    Pro-BNP, a marker of heart failure, was normal in the patients (4.45±3.99 pmol/litre; range 0–10 for men, 0–20 for women). Troponin T, a marker of myocardial disease, was not detectable by standard methods in a subset of 37 patients.

    ECG in patients with JDM and controls

    ECG was pathological in 10/58 (17%) patients (3 poor R-wave progression, 2 left ventricular hypertrophy signs, 2 right bundle branch block, 1 pathological Q-wave, 1 P pulmonale and 1 prolonged QTc) and borderline in 13 patients. Among the controls, 4/57 (7%) had a pathological ECG (2 ST-segment changes, 1 right bundle branch block and 1 left ventricular hypertrophy signs) and 10 borderline. Pathological/borderline ECG was more abundant in patients than controls (p=0.02, table 2), whereas pathological ECG was borderline significant (p=0.05). The Cornell product reflecting left ventricular hypertrophy was higher in patients than controls.

    View this table:
    Table 2

    12-channel electrocardiography (ECG) in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) (median 16.8 years after onset) and controls

    Echocardiographic findings in patients with JDM and controls

    Possible diastolic dysfunction, defined as E/E' >9.5, was found in 13/58 (22%) patients versus 0 controls (p<0.001). At the group level, E/E' was 13.4% higher in patients with JDM than controls (p=0.007) (table 3 and figure 1A). Measured by conventional Doppler, patients had a reduced cardiac output and stroke volume compared to controls (table 3). No significant stenosis was found in any of the valves in neither patients nor controls, and the velocities did not differ significantly between the groups (data not shown). No patients or controls had evidence of elevated pulmonary pressure after assessing tricuspid and pulmonary velocities.

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Early diastolic transmitral flow/early diastolic tissue velocity (E/E') in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) compared to controls and correlation with disease activity score (DAS) total 1 year. A. E/E' in patients compared to controls, values are median with CIs. B. E/E' in patients correlates with DAS total 1 year, rsp=0.56, p<0.001.

    View this table:
    Table 3

    Echocardiography at follow-up in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) and controls

    Standard two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography showed no significant differences between patients and controls in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), wall thickness and internal diameter of LV, or size of the atrias (table 3). All patients (53) and controls (52) with recordings allowing measurement of LVEF, had normal values (>50%).

    Associations between cardiac parameters, patient characteristics and disease variables assessed at follow-up

    Pathological ECG was found in 6/13 (46%) of patients with possible diastolic dysfunction (E/E' >9.5) versus 4/44 (9%) without diastolic dysfunction (p=0.002). No correlation was present between E/E' and Cornell voltage × QRS duration product, QTc interval, QRS or PR duration (data not shown). However, systolic BP was higher in patients with high E/E' than in those with normal E/E' 132±24 mm Hg versus 112±18 mm Hg (p=0.012).

    E/E' correlated moderately with systolic BP, DAS and MDI, and weakly with disease duration, SF-36 PCS, CHAQ/HAQ and cumulative prednisolone dose at follow-up (table 4). No correlation was found between E/E' and pericarditis, ANA levels, myositis specific or associated antibodies, smoking or dyspnoea at rest or on exertion (data not shown).

    View this table:
    Table 4

    Correlations between cardiac outcome and disease variables at follow-up

    Pathological ECG was weakly correlated with disease duration, but not with any other variables (table 4). Among the patients with pericarditis, only one had pathological ECG, one had borderline and five had normal ECG.

    Early predictors for cardiac outcome

    E/E' at follow-up correlated with DAS skin, DAS muscle and DAS total 1 year after diagnosis (all p≤0.001) (table 5 and figure 1B). E/E' also correlated mildly with DAS total 6 months (data not shown), although weaker than with DAS total 1 year. Pathological ECG correlated with DAS skin 1 year. Neither E/E' or pathological ECG correlated with MDI 1-year post diagnosis. High E/E' was also predicted by DAS total 1-year post diagnosis after controlling for age at follow-up and gender (standardised β=0.49, p<0.001).

    View this table:
    Table 5

    Correlations between cardiac outcome at follow-up and disease variables at 1 year

    Discussion

    In our study, we found E/E' elevated in patients with JDM compared to controls; E/E' values suggestive of diastolic dysfunction was only present in patients with JDM. Furthermore, high E/E' median 16.8 years after disease onset, was predicted by DAS 1-year post diagnosis. Pathological ECG was prevalent among patients with high E/E'. Patients also had increased risk of developing pericarditis during disease course. To our knowledge, this is the first controlled study to examine cardiac function in an unselected JDM cohort.

    The representativeness of our inception cohort has previously been described in detail.21 23 The frequency of dyspnoea in the present study is similar to previous reports.11 Apart from the patient with coronary artery disease, none had clinically cardiac disease which is in accordance with previous reports.17 A strength of our study is the random selection of age and sex matched controls from the National Population Register. Height, weight and smoking habits did not differ between the groups.

    A primary aim of the study was to assess diastolic function of patients with JDM versus controls; we found E/E' to be higher in patients. We used a cut-off value derived from the controls (> mean+2SD, E/E' >9.5); 13 patients were above this limit and could be classified with possible diastolic dysfunction, whereas none of the controls. This suggests that JDM induces myocardial remodelling; resulting in slower left ventricular relaxation. Although cardiac biopsy studies are unavailable for patients with JDM, autopsy series of adult myositis have shown inflammatory changes in the myocardium8 10; perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrates with or without small vessel disease and replacement fibrosis. We suggest that a similar pathophysiological process in JDM can explain the observed increase in left ventricular stiffness and the impaired relaxation with raised E/E'.34,–,36

    Pathological ECG was more abundant in patients than in controls, albeit only borderline significant values. Our study may have been underpowered due to too few patients to obtain significant differences. As for the combined endpoint pathological/borderline ECG, this was present in more patients than controls. In the literature, a high prevalence of abnormal ECG is often reported (33% to 72%) in uncontrolled studies of PM/DM,6,–,8 and this is in accordance with our combined endpoint. However, we only found pathological ECG in 17% of our patients. This discrepancy might be explained by our strict criteria for pathological ECG, but our cohort might also be more representative for the JDM population than earlier studies.

    Pathological ECG was more prevalent in patients with possible diastolic dysfunction than in those without (46% vs 9%). The two cardiac parameters might address the same aspects of cardiac remodelling; E/E' reflecting inflammation and fibrosis in the myocardium, and pathological ECG the damage this process does to the conduction system. We also compared the composite pathological/borderline ECG outcome with E/E', but found no association. This might suggest that ECG only gives clinically relevant information in patients with JDM if strict criteria for abnormal ECG are used.

    Although as many as 22% of our patients had possible diastolic dysfunction, only one had known cardiac disease. Even though 12% of our patients reported pathological dyspnoea on exertion at follow-up, this was not associated with E/E' >9.5 or pathological ECG. Also, we have previously reported that dyspnoea was associated with restricted pulmonary function,22 which therefore is a more likely explanation for the dyspnoea. Therefore, the clinical implications of increased E/E' and ECG abnormalities in patients with JDM remains uncertain. However, the correlation between E/E' and cumulative organ damage and patient reported health status at follow-up, indicate a clinical relevance of our findings. The correlations between disease duration and E/E' and pathological ECG suggest a gradually developing process of cardiac remodelling. Most of our patients are young and might therefore face an increased risk of cardiac disease later in life. To assess this, follow-up studies are needed.

    The patients had higher Cornell voltage × QRS duration product compared to controls, suggesting cardiac hypertrophy. On M-mode echocardiography, however, no difference in left ventricular wall thickness was found between the groups. This could suggest subtle differences in left ventricular mass between patients and controls, although this was not detected by echocardiography.

    Hypertension is recognised as an important long-term cardiovascular complication in myositis, and it is included as an item in MDI.25 We found that 20% of the patients had systolic BP >140 mm Hg and/or a history of hypertension, whereas none of the controls. Also, we found a correlation between E/E' and systolic BP, and systolic BP was higher in patients with E/E' >9.5 than those <9.5. Other studies with shorter follow-up time have found a lower prevalence of hypertension,37 but we do not know when in disease course hypertension develops. There has been no report of renal impairment or activation of the renin–angiotensin system in JDM. The mechanism for hypertension might therefore well be the generalised microvasculopathy seen in the disease, which also is closely related to high early disease activity.38

    The strong correlation between early disease activity (1-year DAS total, muscle and skin) and E/E' is a main finding in our study. This correlation supports that myocarditis is the primary process inducing diastolic dysfunction. Previously we have also identified early disease activity as predictor of cumulative organ damage, muscle weakness and muscle damage (by MRI) at follow-up in the same cohort.21,23 This corresponds to the finding in the present study, where high E/E' was predicted by 1 year DAS; thus the disease process in skeletal muscle might be associated with the disease process in the myocardium. However, unfavourable pulmonary outcome was not predicted by early disease activity,22 and thus the pathological mechanisms in JDM might be organ specific. However, we are aware of the limitations in our study due to retrospective assessment of early disease activity.

    From a clinical perspective, the prevalence of pericarditis in our patients (12%) is high. Recently Rider et al37 found that pericarditis was a predictor for muscle damage in 96 patients with adult myositis; however, they did not report any cases of pericarditis among the 134 patients with JDM. Sallum et al,39 however, found eight cases of pericarditis and/or myocarditis in a cohort of 54 patients. In our material, we found no association between pericarditis and pathological ECG or E/E'. This is not surprising, since it is well known that the myocardium often remains unaffected even in acute pericarditis.40,41 In the present study, the retrospective assessment of pericarditis is a limitation.

    In conclusion, patients with JDM had higher E/E' and higher prevalence of pathological/borderline ECG than controls. Although the patients did not report symptoms of cardiac disease, E/E' correlated with early disease activity, and was predicted by 1 year DAS. Patients with high E/E' also had increased prevalence of pathological ECG. Although the cardiac dysfunction was subclinical, these patients might have increased risk of developing clinical cardiac disease later in life; and thus might benefit from treatment aimed at reducing myocardial remodelling.

    References

    1. ↵
      1. Björnådal L,
      2. Baecklund E,
      3. Yin L,
      4. et al
      . Decreasing mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a large population based cohort in Sweden, 1964-95. J Rheumatol 2002;29:906–12.
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    2. ↵
      1. Ward MM,
      2. Pyun E,
      3. Studenski S
      . Causes of death in systemic lupus erythematosus. Long-term followup of an inception cohort. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:1492–9.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    3. ↵
      1. Gabriel SE
      . Heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis: understanding the risks. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69(Suppl 1):i61–64.
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    4. ↵
      1. Solomon DH,
      2. Goodson NJ,
      3. Katz JN,
      4. et al
      . Patterns of cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:1608–12.
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    5. ↵
      1. Lundberg IE
      . The heart in dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006;45(Suppl 4):iv18–21.
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    6. ↵
      1. Stern R,
      2. Godbold JH,
      3. Chess Q,
      4. et al
      . ECG abnormalities in polymyositis. Arch Intern Med 1984;144:2185–9.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    7. ↵
      1. Gottdiener JS,
      2. Sherber HS,
      3. Hawley RJ,
      4. et al
      . Cardiac manifestations in polymyositis. Am J Cardiol 1978;41:1141–9.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    8. ↵
      1. Denbow CE,
      2. Lie JT,
      3. Tancredi RG,
      4. et al
      . Cardiac involvement in polymyositis: a clinicopathologic study of 20 autopsied patients. Arthritis Rheum 1979;22:1088–92.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    9. ↵
      1. Sharratt GP,
      2. Danta G,
      3. Carson PH
      . Cardiac abnormality in polymyositis. Ann Rheum Dis 1977;36:575–8.
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    10. ↵
      1. Haupt HM,
      2. Hutchins GM
      . The heart and cardiac conduction system in polymyositis-dermatomyositis: a clinicopathologic study of 16 autopsied patients. Am J Cardiol 1982;50:998–1006.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    11. ↵
      1. Feldman BM,
      2. Rider LG,
      3. Reed AM,
      4. et al
      . Juvenile dermatomyositis and other idiopathic inflammatory myopathies of childhood. Lancet 2008;371:2201–12.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    12. ↵
      1. Lee SW,
      2. Park MC,
      3. Park YB,
      4. et al
      . E/E' ratio is more sensitive than E/A ratio for detection of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2008;17:195–201.
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    13. ↵
      1. Liang KP,
      2. Myasoedova E,
      3. Crowson CS,
      4. et al
      . Increased prevalence of diastolic dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1665–70.
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    14. ↵
      1. Pachman LM,
      2. Cooke N
      . Juvenile dermatomyositis: a clinical and immunologic study. J Pediatr 1980;96:226–34.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    15. ↵
      1. Karaca NE,
      2. Aksu G,
      3. Yeniay BS,
      4. et al
      . Juvenile dermatomyositis with a rare and remarkable complication: sinus bradycardia. Rheumatol Int 2006;27:179–82.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    16. ↵
      1. Pereira RM,
      2. Lerner S,
      3. Maeda WT,
      4. et al
      . Pericardial tamponade in juvenile dermatomyositis. Clin Cardiol 1992;15:301–3.
      OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    17. ↵
      1. Ramanan AV,
      2. Feldman BM
      . Clinical features and outcomes of juvenile dermatomyositis and other childhood onset myositis syndromes. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2002;28:833–57.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    18. ↵
      1. Ravelli A,
      2. Trail L,
      3. Ferrari C,
      4. et al
      . Long-term outcome and prognostic factors of juvenile dermatomyositis: a multinational, multicenter study of 490 patients. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010;62:63–72.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    19. ↵
      1. Paulus WJ,
      2. Tschöpe C,
      3. Sanderson JE,
      4. et al
      . How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2539–50.
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    20. ↵
      1. Bohan A,
      2. Peter JB
      . Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 1975;292:344–7.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    21. ↵
      1. Sanner H,
      2. Gran JT,
      3. Sjaastad I,
      4. et al
      . Cumulative organ damage and prognostic factors in juvenile dermatomyositis: a cross-sectional study median 16.8 years after symptom onset. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48:1541–7.
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    22. ↵
      1. Sanner H,
      2. Aaløkken TM,
      3. Gran JT,
      4. et al
      . Pulmonary outcome in juvenile dermatomyositis: a case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;(In Press).
    23. ↵
      1. Sanner H,
      2. Kirkhus E,
      3. Merckoll E,
      4. et al
      . Long-term muscular outcome and predisposing and prognostic factors in juvenile dermatomyositis: a case-control study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010;62:1103–11.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    24. ↵
      1. Bode RK,
      2. Klein-Gitelman MS,
      3. Miller ML,
      4. et al
      . Disease activity score for children with juvenile dermatomyositis: reliability and validity evidence. Arthritis Rheum 2003;49:7–15.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    25. ↵
      1. Isenberg DA,
      2. Allen E,
      3. Farewell V,
      4. et al
      . International consensus outcome measures for patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Development and initial validation of myositis activity and damage indices in patients with adult onset disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004;43:49–54.
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    26. ↵
      1. Fries JF,
      2. Spitz P,
      3. Kraines RG,
      4. et al
      . Measurement of patient outcome in arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1980;23:137–45.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    27. ↵
      1. Feldman BM,
      2. Ayling-Campos A,
      3. Luy L,
      4. et al
      . Measuring disability in juvenile dermatomyositis: validity of the childhood health assessment questionnaire. J Rheumatol 1995;22:326–31.
      OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
    28. ↵
      1. Sultan SM,
      2. Ioannou Y,
      3. Moss K,
      4. et al
      . Outcome in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myositis: morbidity and mortality. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:22–6.
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    29. ↵
      1. Dahlöf B,
      2. Devereux RB,
      3. Julius S,
      4. et al
      . Characteristics of 9194 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension. Hypertension 1998;32:989–97.
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    30. ↵
      1. Libby P,
      2. Bonow RO,
      3. Mann DL,
      4. Zipes DP
      1. Mirvis DM,
      2. Guldberger AL
      Electrocardiography. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 8th edn. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: Saunders Elsevier, 2008:145–94.
    31. ↵
      1. Lang RM,
      2. Bierig M,
      3. Devereux RB,
      4. et al
      . Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:1440–63.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    32. ↵
      1. Quiñones MA,
      2. Otto CM,
      3. Stoddard M,
      4. et al
      . Recommendations for quantification of Doppler echocardiography: a report from the Doppler Quantification Task Force of the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:167–84.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    33. ↵
      1. Hummel YM,
      2. Klip IJ,
      3. de Jong RM,
      4. et al
      . Diastolic function measurements and diagnostic consequences: a comparison of pulsed wave- and color-coded tissue Doppler imaging. Clin Res Cardiol 2010;99:453–8.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    34. ↵
      1. Slama M,
      2. Susic D,
      3. Varagic J,
      4. et al
      . Diastolic dysfunction in hypertension. Curr Opin Cardiol 2002;17:368–73.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    35. ↵
      1. Moreo A,
      2. Ambrosio G,
      3. De Chiara B,
      4. et al
      . Influence of myocardial fibrosis on left ventricular diastolic function: noninvasive assessment by cardiac magnetic resonance and echo. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:437–43.
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    36. ↵
      1. Burlew BS,
      2. Weber KT
      . Cardiac fibrosis as a cause of diastolic dysfunction. Herz 2002;27:92–8.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    37. ↵
      1. Rider LG,
      2. Lachenbruch PA,
      3. Monroe JB,
      4. et al
      . Damage extent and predictors in adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and polymyositis as determined with the myositis damage index. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:3425–35.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    38. ↵
      1. Christen-Zaech S,
      2. Seshadri R,
      3. Sundberg J,
      4. et al
      . Persistent association of nailfold capillaroscopy changes and skin involvement over thirty-six months with duration of untreated disease in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:571–6.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    39. ↵
      1. Sallum AM,
      2. Pivato FC,
      3. Doria-Filho U,
      4. et al
      . Risk factors associated with calcinosis of juvenile dermatomyositis. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2008;84:68–74.
      OpenUrlPubMed
    40. ↵
      1. Imazio M,
      2. Trinchero R
      . Myopericarditis: etiology, management, and prognosis. Int J Cardiol 2008;127:17–26.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
    41. ↵
      1. Salisbury AC,
      2. Olalla-Gómez C,
      3. Rihal CS,
      4. et al
      . Frequency and predictors of urgent coronary angiography in patients with acute pericarditis. Mayo Clin Proc 2009;84:11–15.
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science

    Footnotes

    • Funding The project received financial support from Dr Olga Imerslund's Foundation, Anders Jahre's Fund for the Promotion of Science, the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority, The Research Council of Norway and Rakel and Otto Chr. Bruun's Fund; all Oslo, Norway.

    • Competing interests None.

    • Ethics approval This study was carried out in compliance with the declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee (Helse Sør-Øst).

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.