Objectives and background: This study investigated the expression of key mediators that
regulate differentiation of osteoclasts, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), …

This paper describes the structure and function of the normal synovium including the cellular
content, nerve and vascular supply and how normal synovium maintains homeostasis …

Background: Synovial biopsies are used to study synovial immunopathology and are increasingly
applied for the evaluation of new therapeutic strategies in chronic arthritis. Therefore, it …

The advent of biologic agents targeted against tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin
1 (IL-1) receptor has successfully suppressed inflammation in many individuals with …

Background: Modulation of Jak-STAT signalling may provide an effective therapeutic
strategy in inflammatory arthritis. Objective: To document Jak-STAT expression in a cohort of …

Objective The transforming growth factor β superfamily member macrophage inhibitory cytokine
1 (MIC‐1) is expressed upon macrophage activation, regulated by the p53 pathway, and …

Paired synovial tissue samples were obtained from both clinically uninvolved (CU) and clinically
involved (CI) knee joints of eight rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. In addition, biopsies …

Immune checkpoint blockade with therapeutic anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated
antigen (CTLA)-4 (Ipilimumab) and anti-programmed death (PD)-1 (Nivolumab and …

Objective. Cytokines play an important role in the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a cytokine with a broad spectrum of actions, …

Background Plasmablasts and plasma cells play a key role in many autoimmune diseases,
such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study was …