Background Tocilizumab (TCZ), a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin-6
(IL-6) receptor, has been proposed for the treatment of COVID-19 patients; however, …

Background: Because pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is produced by immune and vascular cells in
response to proinflammatory signals, it may be a useful biomarker for defining disease activity in …

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of antiinflammatory agents, steroids, immunosuppressants,
and biologic agents in patients with adult‐onset Still's disease (AOSD) who have either …

Background: Interleukin (IL)-1 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Adult onset Still’s
disease (AOSD). Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of anakinra (ANA) and …

Objective. The aim of our study was to evaluate the safety and the efficacy of tocilizumab (TCZ)
for refractory Takayasu arteritis (TA). Methods. We retrospectively assessed the outcome …

Aims: An abnormal generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is thought to contribute to
systemic sclerosis (SSc), fostering autoimmunity, fibrosis, and vascular inflammation. The …

Objective Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) are
systemic, necrotizing, small-vessel vasculitis associated with circulating anti-neutrophil …

Introduction Progression of arterial involvement is often observed in patients with Takayasu
arteritis (TA) thought to be in remission. This reflects the failure of currently used biomarkers …

Severe infections represent one of the major complications of immunosuppressive therapy.
1 Great concern among rheumatologists has consequently raised by the outbreak of severe …

Background Cardiovascular disease is important in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Tissue factor (TF)
is expressed upon platelet activation and initiates coagulation. Anti-tumour necrosis …