Opioids are mainly used to treat both acute and chronic pain. Several opioids are metabolized
to some extent by CYP2D6 (codeine, tramadol, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and methadone…

Opioids create a neuroinflammatory response within the CNS, compromising opioid-induced
analgesia and contributing to various unwanted actions. How this occurs is unknown but …

Opioids are used for acute and chronic pain and dependency. They have a narrow
therapeutic index and large interpatient variability in response. Genetic factors regulating their …

Spinal proinflammatory cytokines are powerful pain-enhancing signals that contribute to
pain following peripheral nerve injury (neuropathic pain). Recently, one proinflammatory …

Opioid substitution treatment for dependence may alter sensitivity to pain. Previous studies
on pain sensitivity in methadone maintenance patients have yielded contradictory results. …

The binding affinity to the μ receptor of some opioids chemically related to morphine and
some of their metabolites was examined in rat brain homogenates with 3 H-DAMGO. The …

BACKGROUND: Reports regarding the ability of the anesthetic drug ketamine to attenuate
the inflammatory response to surgery are conflicting. In this systematic review we examined …

Background: Several recent trials indicate low-dose ketamine produces rapid antidepressant
effects. However, uncertainty remains in several areas: dose response, consistency across …

Objective This pilot study assessed the feasibility, efficacy and safety of an individual dose‐titration
approach, and of the intravenous ( IV ), intramuscular ( IM ) and subcutaneous ( SC ) …

This observational study aimed to determine whether pain sensitivity in patients with noncancer
chronic pain, taking either methadone or morphine, is similar to patients maintained on …