Research paperAssessment of sample collection and storage methods for multicenter immunologic research in children
Introduction
To effectively study rare childhood diseases, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), multicenter collaborative research is required. Establishing a centralized tissue repository for storing biological samples is a strategy that can help ensure access to samples for current and future studies and can limit the burden to the child by minimizing the number and volume of samples required. In Canada, as in other regions, the vast geographical area and widely dispersed population must be considered when designing reliable, standardized, practical and straightforward protocols for multicenter sample collection, handling and storage.
The desirability of a common sample repository warrants a systematic approach to sample collection to ensure reliable and reproducible assessment of parameters that may be pathologically important. Peripheral blood is often collected as the biological sample of choice to investigate levels of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and other potential biomarkers. Cytokines modulate immune function, provide clues to understanding the immune response, and their relative amounts may be useful to monitor and characterize disease course and activity. Cytokines in biological fluids can be quantified at both the transcriptional and translational stages, as reflected by the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. However, mRNA and protein have a short half-life in vivo and are also subject to rapid degradation in vitro following sample collection if appropriate storage and handling procedures are not adopted. Our experience is in accord with studies showing that sample collection, processing and storage are critical for achieving accurate and reproducible results of cytokine protein levels in serum or plasma samples (Riches et al., 1992, Thavasu et al., 1992, Aziz et al., 1999).
In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in interest in the quantitative analysis of cytokine mRNA profiles. This is based on the potential use of cytokine mRNA expression and its profile as a unique and sensitive marker for in vivo immune cell activation in a variety of clinical settings (Whiteside, 1994). However, it is unknown to what extent differences in blood collection and preparation techniques may cause ex vivo alteration of cytokine mRNA levels and is therefore necessary to identify optimal conditions for collection, storage and analysis of patient blood samples (Hartel et al., 2001).
Additionally, conventional methods for RNA stabilization require a substantial investment in manpower and equipment which may not be available at centers with only one clinical investigator collecting patient information and biological samples. In particular, small centers face the challenge of having limited access to research laboratory support and may be unable to carry out conventional RNA isolation immediately following blood collection. Ideally, sampling techniques that improve RNA stability would allow blood collection to take place at any time of the day as well as permit processing to take place at a later more convenient time.
There are commercially available sample collection systems designed for these specific downstream applications. Qiagen and BD Biosciences (Mississauga, ON, Canada) have blood collection kits that are marketed to stabilize blood collected in a clinical research setting. These companies have recognized that simply refrigerating the sample until transferring to the processing laboratory for long-term storage would have advantages for the creation of a tissue repository within a multicenter study. A system that preserves the sample integrity while keeping processing and shipping costs low will revolutionize the traditional approach to sample collection and storage. If successful, these changes should improve data accuracy and precision, and ultimately improve research outcomes.
In the present study, the effect of room temperature cross-country shipping of blood samples was assessed using commercially available blood collection kits designed for this purpose. Analyses were performed on the integrity of TNF-α and IL-2 cytokine levels as well as RNA transcripts. Data generated from this study helped determine the appropriate methods for collection and storage of patient blood products to aid in preservation of the samples for future assays in an 12 center Canada-wide childhood arthritis study.
Section snippets
Sample collection for protein analyses
Blood from 20 healthy adult volunteers was collected into either 4 ml Vacutainers® (Beckton Dickinson (BD) Diagnostics; Oakville, ON, Canada) containing lithium heparin (final concentration 15.2 U/ml) or P100® tubes (BD) which contain a proprietary blend of protease inhibitors. Within 15 min of collection, blood was spiked with a degradable cytokine (Riches et al., 1992), human recombinant TNF-α (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA), and a relatively stable cytokine (Panicker et al., 2007), IL-2
Cytokine stability
The data generated were expressed graphically in terms of an absolute concentration as a measure of recovery of the spiked cytokines. Recovery of TNF-α from spiked, heparinized whole blood samples was very low regardless of storage and shipping temperature. Blood collected in the P100® tubes and refrigerated for 4 days prior to ambient temperature shipping significantly increased the recovery of TNF-α to over 80% of the spiked value (Fig. 1A). The recovery of IL-2 from heparinized blood was
Discussion
This study was conducted to determine which commercially available blood collection methods are best suited for the purposes of establishing a central tissue repository for a multicenter clinical study. Plasma samples separated from whole blood using the new P100® protein stabilization blood collection tubes from BD Biosciences were compared to plasma from traditional heparinized blood. In addition, the Tempus® RNA blood collection system was compared to the Paxgene® system at two different
Conclusion
The Tempus® RNA blood collection tubes and the P100® protein stabilization system provide the opportunity for improved sample collection and transportation in multi-site studies involving both large and small centers. An important feature of these systems for blood collection is the small blood volume requirement, thereby facilitating studies on children. The P100® system eliminates the need for plasma separation and storage at each center and the opportunity for ambient temperature shipping
Competing interests
Applied Biosystems and Beckton Dickinson Diagnostic supplied evaluation kits of the blood collection tubes and processing materials free of charge to enable this study.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge post doctoral funding to LAM from the Canadian Arthritis Network. RSMY is supported by an Investigator Award from the Arthritis Society. The Biologically-based Outcomes Predictor Study in JIA is supported by funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, The Arthritis Society and The Canadian Arthritis Network.
References (12)
- et al.
Comparison of methods for collection of DNA samples by mail in the Black Women's Health Study
Ann. Epidemiol.
(2004) - et al.
Optimal collection of blood samples for the measurement of tumor necrosis factor alpha
Cytokine
(1990) - et al.
Ex vivo induction of cytokine mRNA expression in human blood samples
J. Immunol. Methods
(2001) - et al.
Effect of storage temperatures on the stability of cytokines in cervical mucous
Cytokine
(2007) - et al.
Influence of collection and separation of blood samples on plasma IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha concentrations
J. Immunol. Methods
(1992) - et al.
Assessment of two methods for handling blood in collection tubes with RNA stabilizing agent for surveillance of gene expression profiles with high density microarrays
J. Immunol. Methods
(2003)
Cited by (44)
Stabilization of biothreat diagnostic samples through vitrification matrices
2014, Journal of Microbiological MethodsCitation Excerpt :In the absence of cold chain storage, RNAlater®, Qiagen's buffer AVL and PaxGene® collection tubes preserve nucleic acid for a variety of agents and, in most cases, for several days at room temperature (Blow et al., 2004; 2008; Orpetveit et al., 2010; Rainen et al., 2002). In fact, PAXgene® and Applied Biosystem's Tempus™ stabilization systems are being used in the clinical setting to stabilize RNA collected from blood or biomolecules in tissues (Matheson et al., 2008; Viertler et al., 2010). However, the sample stabilizing methods above are unreliable at high or fluctuating temperatures and are not designed for stabilization in austere field settings or sample shipping in unpressurized airline cargo areas.
Assessment of magnetic bead-based automated whole blood RNA-isolation from a validated RNA stabilization reagent (Tempus Blood RNA)
2014, Journal of Immunological MethodsThe Effect of Tropical Temperatures on the Quality of RNA Extracted from Stabilized Whole-Blood Samples
2022, International Journal of Molecular SciencesRNA sequencing of blood in coronary artery disease: involvement of regulatory T cell imbalance
2021, BMC Medical GenomicshomeRNA: A Self-Sampling Kit for the Collection of Peripheral Blood and Stabilization of RNA
2021, Analytical Chemistry