Position and orientation in space of bones during movement: anatomical frame definition and determination

doi:10.1016/0268-0033(95)91394-T

Clinical Biomechanics

Volume 10, Issue 4, June 1995, Pages 171-178

https://doi.org/10.1016/0268-0033(95)91394-T Get rights and content

Abstract

This paper deals with methodological problems related to the reconstruction of the position and orientation of the human pelvis and the lower limb bones in space during the execution of locomotion and physical exercises using a stereophotogrammetric system. The intention is to produce a means of quantitative description of joint kinematics and dynamics for both research and application. Anatomical landmarks and bone-embedded anatomical reference systems are defined. A contribution is given to definition of variables and relevant terminology. The concept of anatomical landmark calibration is introduced and relevant experimental approaches presented. The problem of data sharing is also addressed. This material is submitted to the scientific community for consideration as a basis for standardization.

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Total hip arthroplasty (THA) surgeries among young patients are on the increase, so it is crucial to predict the lifespan of hip implants correctly and produce solutions to improve longevity. Current implants are designed and tested against walking conditions to predict the wear rates. However, it would be reasonable to include the additional effects of other daily life activities on wear rates to predict convergent results to clinical outputs. In this study, 14 participants are recruited to perform stair ascending (AS), descending (DS), and walking activities to obtain kinematic and kinetic data for each cycle using marker based Qualisys motion capture (MOCAP) system. AnyBody Modeling System using the Calibrated Anatomical System Technique (CAST) full body marker set are performed Multibody simulations. The 3D generic musculoskeletal model used in this study is a marker-based full-body motion capture model (AMMR,2.3.1 MoCapModel) consisting of the upper extremity and the Twente Lower Extremity Model (TLEM2). The dynamic wear prediction model detailing the intermittent and overall wear rates for CoCr-on-XLPE bearing couple is developed to investigate the wear mechanism under 3D loading for AS, DS, and walking activities over 5 million cycles (Mc) by using finite element modelling technique. The volumetric wear rates of XLPE liner under AS, DS, and walking activities over 5-Mc are predicted as 27.43, 23.22, and 18.84 mm³/Mc respectively. Additionally, the wear rate was predicted by combining stair activities and gait cycles based on the walk-to-stair ratio. By adding the effect of stair activities, the volumetric wear rate of XLPE is predicted as 22.02 mm³/Mc which is equivalent to 19.41% of walking. In conclusion, in this study, the effect of including other daily life activities is demonstrated and evidence is provided by matching them to the clinical data as opposed to simulator test results of implants under ISO 14242 boundary conditions.
The impact of varying trolley case usage modes and weights on body posture
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To study the body posture characteristics when walking with trolley case, and to explore the effects of different usage methods and weights of trolley case on body posture characteristics.
Fifteen subjects pushed and pulled(Condition 1 and 2) the case with three load weights of 10 %, 20 % and 30 % of their own body weight with 0 % no load as baseline for both conditions. The basic gait parameters, kinematic and kinetic data were collected using the VICON infrared motion capture system and a 3D force platform. Two repeated measures factor (condition×weight) analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis of the gait temporal and spatial parameters, as well as trunk angle, kinetic ground reaction force, shoulder joint force, and trunk moment.
Significant condition*weight interactions were detected in DLST (Double Limb Stance Time) (F=5.341，P = 0.006), GRF (Ground Reaction Force) in frontal plane (F=10.507, p < 0.001) and vertical plane (F=3.751, p = 0.021), shoulder joint force in sagittal plane (F=21.129, p < 0.001), and flexion-extension angle of the trunk in the sagittal plane (F=4.888, p < 0.010). Significant main effects were detected in walking speed (F=35.842, p < 0.001), right support time (F=12.156, p < 0.001), left swing time (F=8.506, p < 0.001), left support time (F=1.122, p < 0.001), right step length (F=33.900, p < 0.001), and left step length (F=14.960, p < 0.001) under different weights. A significant main effect was detected in sagittal GRF (F=11.77, p < 0.001), trunk rotation angle (F=4.124, p = 0.016), amplitude of COM (F=2.993, p = 0.046), under different weights.
When the weight of the case exceeds 20 % of the body weight, from the perspective of energy efficiency, the push method is more advantageous than the pull method. When walking with luggage, people tend to maintain the stability of their trunk posture by adjusting the force on their arms more often.
Influence of reduced passive ankle dorsiflexion range of motion on lower limb kinetics and stiffness during gait
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The ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ADF-ROM) during single support phase allows elastic energy storage in the calcaneal tendon, contributing to advance the body forward. Reduced ADF-ROM may influence lower limb kinetics and stiffness.
What is the influence of reduced passive ADF-ROM on lower limb internal moments and stiffness during gait?
Thirty-two participants, classified into two groups according to passive ADF-ROM (smaller than 10° and greater than 15°), were submitted to gait assessment at self-selected speed with a force platform and a three-dimensional motion analysis system. Statistical parametrical mapping (SPM) analyses were used to compare the lower limbs’ internal moments between groups. Independent t-tests analyzed the differences between groups on lower limb stiffness during gait.
The lower ADF-ROM group had greater knee flexor moment (terminal stance and push-off), greater ankle abductor (i.e., shank internal rotator) moment in terminal stance and greater knee internal rotator moment in mid to terminal stance. The lower ADF-ROM group also had higher lower limb stiffness during gait.
Individuals with reduced passive ADF-ROM had greater lower limb stiffness and adopted a gait pattern with increased knee and ankle moments, suggesting increased loading at these joints.
Reversed total shoulder arthroplasty for rotator cuff arthropathy is associated with increased scapulothoracic motion: A longitudinal two-year kinematic study
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Reversed total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) is a standard surgical procedure for the treatment of rotator cuff tear arthropathy (CTA), aimed at restoring active arm elevation. Shoulder elevation relies on both scapulothroacic (ST) and glenohumeral (GH) motion, but RTSA computer planning primarily focuses on the GH joint due to challenges in visualizing scapulothroacic (ST) motion.
Does the scapulohumeral rhythm, by means of the relative contributions of ST rotation and GH elevation per degree of arm elevation, in a longitudinal setting for up to two years postoperatively after RTSA for CTA change?
In a prospective longitudinal study, shoulder kinematics were studied in 20 patients (22 shoulders) before and at three, six, 12, and 24 months after RTSA implantation for CTA. Skin markers were tracked using 3D motion analysis. The relative ST and GH contributions per degree of arm elevation were assessed and were compared using statistical non-parametric mapping with Bayesian inference.
Mean arm elevation was 89 ± 33° preoperatively, 135 ± 28° at 3 months, 161 ± 20° at 6 months, 169 ± 18° at 12 months, and 165 ± 19° at 24 months. Between 48–66°, 62–93°, 53–94°, 60–97° and 72–104° of arm elevation at the measurement time points pre, 3-months, 6-months, 12-months and 24-months postoperatively, respectively, the ST rotation had a significantly greater contribution to arm elevation compared to GH elevation; a pattern that was not found in controls.
While RTSA successfully restored active arm elevation through improved GH and ST motion, the scapulohumeral rhythm exhibited a consistent pattern up to two years postoperatively, resembling the preoperative state. In the midrange of motion, ST rotation dominated over GH elevation, potentially contributing to muscular fatigue and explaining the documented decline in functional outcomes over time after RTSA. The findings highlight the importance of incorporating ST kinematics into modern computer planning for RTSA.
Perceptions and biomechanical effects of varying prosthetic ankle stiffness during uphill walking: A case series
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Prosthetic foot stiffness, which is typically invariable for commercially available prosthetic feet, needs to be considered when prescribing a prosthetic foot. While a biological foot adapts its function according to the movement task, an individual with lower limb amputation may be limited during more functionally demanding gait tasks by their conventional energy storing and return prosthetic foot.
How do changes in prosthetic foot stiffness during incline walking affect biomechanical measures as well as perception of participants.
Kinetic and kinematic data were collected during incline walking, for five participants with trans-tibial amputation. A mixed model analysis of variance was used to analyse the effects of changing the stiffness during incline walking, using a novel variable-stiffness unit built on a commercially available prosthetic foot. Biomechanical results were also analysed on an individual level alongside the participant feedback, for a better understanding of the various strategies and perceptions exhibited during incline walking.
Statistically significant effects were only observed on the biomechanical parameters directly related to prosthetic ankle kinematics and kinetics (i.e., peak prosthetic ankle dorsiflexion, peak prosthetic ankle power, dynamic joint stiffness during controlled dorsiflexion). Participant perception during walking was affected by changes in stiffness. Individual analyses revealed varied perceptions and varied biomechanical responses among participants.
While changes in prosthesis mechanical properties influenced the amputee’s experience, minimal immediate effects were found with the overall gait pattern. The reported inter-participant variability may be due to the person’s physical characteristics or habitual gait pattern, which may influence prosthesis function. The ability to vary prosthetic foot stiffness during the assessment phase of setting up a prosthesis could provide useful information to guide selection of the appropriate prosthetic device for acceptable performance across a range of activities.
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Gait imbalance has been reported in overweight individuals and could further impair their mobility and quality of life. As the feet are the most distal part of the body and sensitively interface with external surroundings, evaluating the plantar pressure distribution can provide critical insights into their roles in regulating gait balance control. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of body weight and different gait speeds on the plantar pressure distribution and whole-body center of mass (COM) motion during walking.
Eleven overweight individuals (OB) and 13 non-overweight individuals (NB) walked on a 10-meter walkway at three speed conditions (preferred, 80% and 120% of preferred speed). Gait balance was quantified by the mediolateral COM sway. Plantar pressure data were obtained using wireless pressure-sensing insoles that were inserted into a pair of running shoes. Analysis of variance models were used to examine the effect of body size, gait speeds, or their interactions on peak mediolateral COM and peak plantar pressure during walking.
Significant group effects of peak plantar pressure under the lateral forefoot (P = 0.03), lateral midfoot (P = 0.02), and medial heel (P = 0.02) were observed. However, the mediolateral COM motion and spatiotemporal gait parameters only revealed significant speed effects.
Findings from this study indicated that overweight individuals exhibited increased plantar pressure under the lateral aspect of the foot, particularly during the late stance phase of walking, in an effort to maintain a comparable mediolateral COM motion to that of non-overweight individuals. Such elevated pressure in overweight individuals may potentially increase the risk of musculoskeletal pathology in the long term. The identified patterns are noteworthy as they have practical implications for designing targeted interventions and improving the overall health of individuals with a high BMI.

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Clinical Biomechanics

Abstract

References (27)

Rigid body motion calculated from spatial coordinates of markers

J Biomech

A least-squares algorithm for the equiform transformation from spatial marker coordinates

J Biomech

Determining the movements of the skeleton using well-configured markers

J Biomech

Modelling of the biomechanics of posture and balance

J Biomech

Three-dimensional analysis of human walking: experimental methods and associated artefacts

Hum Movem Sci

Three-dimensional analysis of the talocrural and subtalar joints in single-limb stance

Clin Biomech

A comparison of the accuracy of several hip center location prediction methods

J Biomech

An interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgical procedures

IEEE Trans Biomed Eng

Evaluation of soft tissue artefacts in the in-vivo determination of human knee instantaneous helical axis

Contribution à l'Etude Cinématique et Dynamique in Vivo de Structures Osseuses Humaines par l'Exploitation des Données Internes

Thèse de l'Université C Bernard Lyon

Using the polar decomposition theorem to determine the rotation matrix from noisy landmark measurements in the study of human joint kinematics

A study of lower limb mechanics during stair climbing

J Bone Joint Surg

Measurement of lower extremity kinematics during level walking

J Orthop Res

Cited by (1275)

Investigation of stair ascending and descending activities on the lifespan of hip implants

The impact of varying trolley case usage modes and weights on body posture

Influence of reduced passive ankle dorsiflexion range of motion on lower limb kinetics and stiffness during gait

Reversed total shoulder arthroplasty for rotator cuff arthropathy is associated with increased scapulothoracic motion: A longitudinal two-year kinematic study

Perceptions and biomechanical effects of varying prosthetic ankle stiffness during uphill walking: A case series

Center of mass motion and plantar pressure distribution during walking in overweight individuals

PaperPosition and orientation in space of bones during movement: anatomical frame definition and determination

Abstract

J Biomech

J Biomech

J Biomech

J Biomech

Hum Movem Sci

Clin Biomech

J Biomech

An interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgical procedures

IEEE Trans Biomed Eng

Evaluation of soft tissue artefacts in the in-vivo determination of human knee instantaneous helical axis

Contribution à l'Etude Cinématique et Dynamique in Vivo de Structures Osseuses Humaines par l'Exploitation des Données Internes

Thèse de l'Université C Bernard Lyon

Using the polar decomposition theorem to determine the rotation matrix from noisy landmark measurements in the study of human joint kinematics

A study of lower limb mechanics during stair climbing

J Bone Joint Surg

Measurement of lower extremity kinematics during level walking

J Orthop Res

Paper
Position and orientation in space of bones during movement: anatomical frame definition and determination