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Determination of prognosis in chronic disease, illustrated by systemic lupus erythematosus

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    As a disease defined and classified mainly by clinical manifestations and the presence of autoantibodies, the exact pathogenetic mechanisms resulting in the inflammatory and immunological processes of LE remains elusive [1]. Due to advances in diagnosis and therapeutic strategies the 5-year survival rate of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has improved significantly to 95% in high-income countries and at 92% in low- and middle-income countries [2–4]. It appears that the incidence has increased worldwide [5,6] with the prevalence varying widely around the world from 0 to 241/100,000.

  • Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus face a high risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and Meta-analysis

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    Previous studies have shown that the mortality curve of SLE shows a bimodal pattern, with early death caused by SLE activity and complications, late death mainly due to cardiovascular disease (CVD), which accounts for more than one-third of SLE death causes [5]. Several studies have reported that compared with ordinary people, patients with SLE have a 2–10 times higher risk of developing CVD, including myocardial infarction, stroke, atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular diseases, etc. [1,6,7]. Scherlinger et al. 2020 has reported that the worldwide age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) was 2.68 (95% CI: 2.62–2.75) deaths/millions of inhabitants, which has a strong heterogeneity across every country [8].

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