Abstract
Summary
The epidemiology of osteoporosis in male and minority populations is understudied. We compared BMD in 1,209 Black, Hispanic, and White men. Black men exhibited higher BMD than Hispanic or White men. Age-related BMD decreases were greatest among Hispanic men. Results may help explain variation in hip fracture rates by race/ethnicity.
Introduction
The epidemiology of osteoporosis in male and minority populations is understudied. To address this concern, we conducted a study of skeletal health in a diverse population of adult males.
Methods
A total of 367 Black, 401 Hispanic, and 451 White men aged 30–79 years were randomly sampled from Boston, MA. Bone densitometry (bone area (BA), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD)) at the whole body, hip, lumbar spine, and forearm was performed. Multiple regression analyses on 1,209 men with available data were used to describe race/ethnic group-specific means (height- and age-adjusted) and age trends (height-adjusted) in BMC, BA, and BMD. Results were weighted to represent the Boston male population aged 30–79 years.
Results
Black men had greater BMC and BMD than Hispanic or White men. Femoral neck BMD was 5.6% and 13.3% higher in Black men than in Hispanic and White men, respectively. Differences between Hispanic and White subjects were restricted to the hip. Age-related declines in BMC and BMD were significantly steeper among Hispanic than Black or White men.
Conclusions
Differences in BMC and BMD could explain variation in fracture rates among Black, Hispanic, and White men. The steeper age-related BMD decline in Hispanic men is of particular concern.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
National Institutes of Health (2001) Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement. Jama 285:785–795
Heaney RP (1995) Bone mass, the mechanostat, and ethnic differences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2289–2290
Orwoll ES, Klein RF (1995) Osteoporosis in men. Endocr Rev 16:87–116
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2004) Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, Rockville, MD.
Jacobsen SJ, Goldberg J, Miles TP et al (1992) Race and sex differences in mortality following fracture of the hip. Am J Public Health 82:1147–1150
Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H (1996) Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ 312:1254–1259
Barondess DA, Nelson DA, Schlaen SE (1997) Whole body bone, fat, and lean mass in black and white men. J Bone Miner Res 12:967–971
Cauley JA, Fullman RL, Stone KL et al (2005) Factors associated with the lumbar spine and proximal femur bone mineral density in older men. Osteoporos Int 16:1525–1537
George A, Tracy JK, Meyer WA et al (2003) Racial differences in bone mineral density in older men. J Bone Miner Res 18:2238–2244
Looker AC, Orwoll ES, Johnston CC et al (1997) Prevalence of low femoral bone density in older U.S. adults from NHANES III. J Bone Miner Res 12:1761–1768
Looker AC, Wahner HW, Dunn WL et al (1998) Updated data on proximal femur bone mineral levels of US adults. Osteoporos Int 8:468–489
Melton LJ 3rd, Marquez MA, Achenbach SJ et al (2002) Variations in bone density among persons of African heritage. Osteoporos Int 13:551–559
Nelson DA, Jacobsen G, Barondess DA et al (1995) Ethnic differences in regional bone density, hip axis length, and lifestyle variables among healthy black and white men. J Bone Miner Res 10:782–787
Stehman-Breen CO, Sherrard D, Walker A et al (1999) Racial differences in bone mineral density and bone loss among end-stage renal disease patients. Am J Kidney Dis 33:941–946
Taaffe DR, Cauley JA, Danielson M et al (2001) Race and sex effects on the association between muscle strength, soft tissue, and bone mineral density in healthy elders: the health, aging, and body composition study. J Bone Miner Res 16:1343–1352
Wright NM, Renault J, Willi S et al (1995) Greater secretion of growth hormone in black than in white men: possible factor in greater bone mineral density–a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2291–2297
Baron JA, Karagas M, Barrett J et al (1996) Basic epidemiology of fractures of the upper and lower limb among Americans over 65 years of age. Epidemiology 7:612–618
Bauer RL (1988) Ethnic differences in hip fracture: a reduced incidence in Mexican Americans. Am J Epidemiol 127:145–149
Espino DV, Palmer RF, Miles TP et al (2000) Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors associated with hip fractures in community-dwelling older Mexican Americans: results of the Hispanic EPESE study. Establish Population for the Epidemiologic Study for the Elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 48:1252–1260
Lauderdale DS, Jacobsen SJ, Furner SE et al (1998) Hip fracture incidence among elderly Hispanics. Am J Public Health 88:1245–1247
Maggi S, Kelsey JL, Litvak J et al (1991) Incidence of hip fractures in the elderly: a cross-national analysis. Osteoporos Int 1:232–241
Silverman SL, Madison RE (1988) Decreased incidence of hip fracture in Hispanics, Asians, and blacks: California hospital discharge data. Am J Public Health 78:1482–1483
Orwoll E, Blank JB, Barrett-Connor E et al (2005) Design and baseline characteristics of the osteoporotic fractures in men (MrOS) study–a large observational study of the determinants of fracture in older men. Contemp Clin Trials 26:569–585
Melton LJ 3rd (1999) Epidemiology of fractures. In: Orwoll E (ed) Osteoporosis in Men: The Effects of Gender on Skeletal Health. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 1–13
Riggs BL, Wahner HW, Dunn WL et al (1981) Differential changes in bone mineral density of the appendicular and axial skeleton with aging: relationship to spinal osteoporosis. J Clin Invest 67:328–335
Melton LJ 3rd, Khosla S, Atkinson EJ et al (2000) Cross-sectional versus longitudinal evaluation of bone loss in men and women. Osteoporos Int 11:592–599
Tracy JK, Meyer WA, Flores RH et al (2005) Racial differences in rate of decline in bone mass in older men: the Baltimore men’s osteoporosis study. J Bone Miner Res 20:1228–1234
Litman HJ, Bhasin S, Link CL et al (2006) Serum androgen levels in Black, Hispanic and White men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:4326–4334
Feldman HA, McKinlay SM, Niknian M (1996) Batch sampling to improve power in a community trial. Experience from the Pawtucket Heart Health Program. Eval Rev 20:244–274
McEvoy GK (1989) American hospital formulary service drug information. American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD
Khavari KA, Farber PD (1978) A profile instrument for the quantification and assessment of alcohol consumption. The Khavari Alcohol Test. J Stud Alcohol 39:1525–1539
Block G, Hartman AM, Dresser CM et al (1986) A data-based approach to diet questionnaire design and testing. Am J Epidemiol 124:453–469
Washburn RA, Ficker JL (1999) Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): the relationship with activity measured by a portable accelerometer. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 39:336–340
Wallman K (1997) Data on race and ethnicity: revising the federal standard. Am Stat 31–35
Baran D (1995) Precision in fan beam densitometry: A mulit-site validation. Manufacturer’s specifications, Hologic Inc, Bedford, MA
Reuben DB, Siu AL (1990) An objective measure of physical function of elderly outpatients. The physical performance test. J Am Geriatr Soc 38:1105–1112
Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L et al (1994) A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol 49:M85–M94
Harkonen R, Harju R, Alaranta H (1993) Accuracy of the Jamar dynamometer. J Hand Ther 6:259–262
Chen TC, Turner AK, Holick MF (1990) Methods for the determination of the circulating concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J Nutr Biochem 1:315–319
Green LW (1970) Manual for scoring socioeconomic status for research on health behavior. Public Health Rep 85:815–827
Cummings SR, Marcus R, Palermo L et al (1994) Does estimating volumetric bone density of the femoral neck improve the prediction of hip fracture? A prospective study. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res 9:1429–1432
Hui SL, Slemenda CW, Carey MA et al (1995) Choosing between predictors of fractures. J Bone Miner Res 10:1816–1822
Melton LJ 3rd, Atkinson EJ, O’Connor MK et al (1998) Bone density and fracture risk in men. J Bone Miner Res 13:1915–1923
Nevill AM, Holder RL, Maffulli N et al (2002) Adjusting bone mass for differences in projected bone area and other confounding variables: an allometric perspective. J Bone Miner Res 17:703–708
Lin SS, Kelsey JL (2000) Use of race and ethnicity in epidemiologic research: concepts, methodological issues, and suggestions for research. Epidemiol Rev 22:187–202
Hernán MA, Hernández-Díaz S, Werler MM et al (2002) Causal knowledge as a prerequisite for confounding evaluation: an application to birth defects epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 155:176–184
Leib ES, Lewiecki EM, Binkley N et al (2004) Official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. J Clin Densitom 7:1–6
Seeman E (1998) Growth in bone mass and size–are racial and gender differences in bone mineral density more apparent than real? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:1414–1419
Looker AC (2002) The skeleton, race, and ethnicity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3047–3050
U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Population Projections Branch. http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/natsum-T3.html, Accessed: 2004 Mar 01
Hastie TJ, Tibshurani RJ (1990) Generalized additive models. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton
Acknowledgements
The BACH/Bone study was supported by grant AG 20727 from the National Institute on Aging (NIA). The parent study (BACH) was supported by grant DK 56842 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Additional support from MO RR00533. The authors appreciate the statistical support of Gretchen Esche, M.S.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The BACH/Bone study was supported by grant AG 20727 from the National Institute on Aging (NIA). The parent study (BACH) was supported by grant DK 56842 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Additional support from MO RR00533.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Araujo, A.B., Travison, T.G., Harris, S.S. et al. Race/ethnic differences in bone mineral density in men. Osteoporos Int 18, 943–953 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-006-0321-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-006-0321-9