Characteristics of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) according to COVID-19 vaccination status (≥ 1 dose) in the LUMEN registry on December 15, 2020.
| Vaccinated, n = 276 | Not Vaccinated, n = 66 | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs, mean (SD) | 58.8 (15.4) | 54.1 (14.6) | 0.02 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.01 | ||
| Women | 237 (85.9) | 48 (72.7) | |
| Men | 39 (14.1) | 18 (27.3) | |
| Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.98 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 240 (87.0) | 57 (86.4) | |
| Hispanic | 12 (4.3) | 3 (4.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 11 (4.0) | 2 (3.0) | |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 9 (3.3) | 3 (4.5) | |
| Other/mixed | 4 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | |
| Education level, n (%) | 0.05 | ||
| Graduate schoolc | 62 (23.7) | 7 (11.3) | |
| Technical school/college/universityc | 132 (50.4) | 40 (64.5) | |
| High schoolc | 63 (24.0) | 12 (19.4) | |
| < High schoolc | 5 (1.9) | 3 (4.8) | |
| Missing, n | 14 | 4 | |
| Area Deprivation Index, mean (SD) | 93.2 (12.8) | 94.0 (11.4) | 0.75 |
| Primary RUCA code, n (%) | 0.67 | ||
| Metropolitan area core | 115 (41.7) | 20 (30.3) | |
| Metropolitan area high commuting | 59 (21.4) | 20 (30.3) | |
| Micropolitan area core | 47 (17.0) | 14 (21.2) | |
| Micropolitan area high commuting | 12 (4.3) | 3 (4.5) | |
| Micropolitan area low commuting | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Small town core | 20 (7.2) | 5 (7.6) | |
| Small town high commuting | 3 (1.1) | 1 (1.5) | |
| Rural areas | 19 (6.9) | 3 (4.5) | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Indexa, mean (SD) | 2.4 (2.7) | 2.5 (2.5) | 0.43 |
| BMIb, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 29.4 (7.9) | 30.0 (7.3) | 0.40 |
| BMI > 30c, n (%) | 104 (39.5) | 28 (42.4) | 0.67 |
| BMI > 40c, n (%) | 27 (10.3) | 8 (12.1) | 0.66 |
| Missing, n | 13 | 0 | |
| Smokingb n (%) | 0.73 | ||
| Currentc | 46 (19.0) | 11 (17.7) | |
| Formerc | 92 (38.0) | 27 (43.5) | |
| Neverc | 104 (43.0) | 24 (38.7) | |
| Missing, n | 34 | 4 | |
| History of COVID-19 diagnosis or positive test, n (%) | 12 (4.3) | 5 (7.6) | 0.28 |
| Previous vaccinationd, n (%) | |||
| Influenza (at least once) | 229 (83.0) | 42 (63.6) | < 0.001 |
| Pneumococcal vaccine | 147 (53.3) | 20 (30.3) | < 0.001 |
| Recombinant zoster vaccine (at least once) | 52 (18.8) | 8 (12.1) | 0.20 |
| SLE duration, yrs, median (IQR) | 10.7 (4.7-20.3) | 7.3 (2.6-13.4) | 0.008 |
| 2019 EULAR/ACR criteriab | |||
| Constitutional, n (%) | |||
| Fever | 17 (6.2) | 5 (7.6) | 0.67 |
| Hematologic domain, n (%) | |||
| Leukopenia | 123 (44.6) | 26 (39.4) | 0.45 |
| Thrombocytopenia | 44 (15.9) | 10 (15.2) | 0.87 |
| Autoimmune hemolysis | 12 (4.3) | 2 (3.0) | 0.63 |
| Neuropsychiatric domain, n (%) | |||
| Delirium | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.49 |
| Psychosis | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.62 |
| Seizures | 5 (1.8) | 1 (1.5) | 0.87 |
| Mucocutaneous domain, n (%) | |||
| Nonscarring alopecia | 13 (4.7) | 2 (3.0) | 0.55 |
| Oral ulcers | 25 (9.1) | 5 (7.6) | 0.70 |
| Subacute cutaneous or discoid lupus | 45 (16.3) | 10 (15.1) | 0.82 |
| Acute cutaneous lupus | 68 (24.6) | 20 (30.3) | 0.34 |
| Serosal domain, n (%) | |||
| Pleural or pericardial effusion | 40 (14.5) | 13 (19.7) | 0.29 |
| Acute pericarditis | 26 (9.4) | 5 (7.6) | 0.64 |
| Musculoskeletal domain, n (%) | |||
| Arthritis | 186 (67.4) | 44 (66.7) | 0.91 |
| Renal domain, n (%) | |||
| Proteinuria > 0.5g/24h | 64 (23.2) | 17 (25.8) | 0.66 |
| Class II or V LN | 22 (8.0) | 11 (16.7) | 0.03 |
| Class III or IV LN | 43 (15.6) | 13 (19.7) | 0.42 |
| Immunology domain, n (%) | |||
| aPL | 65 (23.6) | 19 (28.8) | 0.38 |
| Low C3 or C4 | 105 (38.0) | 22 (33.3) | 0.48 |
| Low C3 and C4 | 89 (32.2) | 18 (27.3) | 0.43 |
| Anti-dsDNA | 203 (73.6) | 49 (74.2) | 0.91 |
| Anti-Sm | 57 (20.7) | 16 (24.2) | 0.52 |
| Immunosuppressant and immunomodulator drugse, n (%) | 239 (86.6) | 57 (86.4) | 0.96 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 208 (75.4) | 47 (71.2) | 0.49 |
| Mycophenolate mofetil | 76 (27.5) | 17 (25.8) | 0.77 |
| Methotrexate | 47 (17.0) | 11 (16.7) | 0.94 |
| Azathioprine | 35 (12.7) | 8 (12.1) | 0.90 |
| Tacrolimus | 16 (5.8) | 4 (6.1) | 0.94 |
| Leflunomide | 10 (3.6) | 3 (4.5) | 0.73 |
| Chloroquine | 6 (2.2) | 3 (4.5) | 0.28 |
| Rituximab | 6 (2.2) | 1 (1.5) | 0.73 |
| Belimumab | 5 (1.8) | 2 (3.0) | 0.53 |
| Cyclophosphamide | 1 (0.4) | 1 (1.5) | 0.27 |
↵*Wilcoxon rank-sum or chi-square test.
↵aFrom December 15, 2015, to December 14, 2020, excluding rheumatologic category.
↵bUpon entry to LUMEN cohort, January 1, 2015.
↵cThe denominator excludes missing.
↵dVaccine uptake from January 1, 2015, to February 29, 2020, for influenza and pneumococcal vaccine, and from January 1, 2018, to February 29, 2020, for zoster vaccine.
↵eMedications which were used during a 5-year lookback prior to December 15, 2020. ACR: American College of Rheumatology; aPL: antiphospholipid antibody; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; EULAR: European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology; LN: lupus nephritis; LUMEN: Lupus Midwest Network; RUCA: rural-urban commuting area.