Table 2.

Multivariable ethnic-specific model for modifiable lifestyle factors.

	Total	Black	Native Hawaiian	Japanese	Latino	White	P_interaction^{^a}
Smoking status, pack-yrs (ref. never smoker)
Past smoker
≥ 1 to < 10	0.99 (0.94–1.05)	1.00 (0.86–1.15)	0.97 (0.81–1.16)	0.97 (0.87–1.08)	1.08 (0.95–1.24)	0.97 (0.85–1.10)	0.02
≥ 10 to < 20	1.05 (0.99–1.12)	1.10 (0.94–1.29)	0.89 (0.73–1.08)	1.02 (0.92–1.13)	1.05 (0.86–1.28)	1.15 (1.02–1.31)
≥ 20	1.14 (1.06–1.22)	1.28 (1.06–1.55)	0.95 (0.78–1.16)	1.12 (1.00–1.26)	1.00 (0.77–1.29)	1.19 (1.06–1.34)
Current smoker
≥ 1 to < 10	1.07 (0.93–1.24)	1.23 (0.96–1.59)	0.89 (0.58–1.35)	0.90 (0.61–1.33)	1.06 (0.81–1.40)	1.17 (0.81–1.69)
≥ 10 to < 20	1.12 (1.01–1.23)	1.14 (0.93–1.39)	1.03 (0.80–1.33)	1.19 (0.99–1.42)	1.01 (0.77–1.32)	1.12 (0.89–1.42)
≥ 20	1.07 (0.98–1.16)	1.25 (1.01–1.55)	1.05 (0.85–1.30)	1.15 (0.99–1.33)	0.96 (0.69–1.32)	0.92 (0.77–1.09)
Alcoholic drinks/day (ref. none)^{^b}
1–2	1.11 (1.05–1.18)	1.07 (0.91–1.24)	1.10 (0.93–1.30)	1.18 (1.07–1.30)	1.09 (0.93–1.27)	1.11 (1.01–1.22)	< 0.001
≥ 3	1.38 (1.28–1.49)	1.38 (1.10–1.73)	1.32 (1.07–1.63)	1.46 (1.27–1.66)	1.21 (0.96–1.51)	1.43 (1.26–1.61)
Alcoholic drinks/week (ref. none) ^{^c}
Beer
1–5	1.06 (0.99–1.13)	0.96 (0.78–1.17)	1.18 (0.97–1.44)	1.16 (1.03–1.31)	1.02 (0.86–1.20)	0.96 (0.84–1.09)	< 0.001
> 5	1.15 (1.08–1.22)	1.01 (0.82–1.24)	1.16 (0.97–1.38)	1.29 (1.17–1.43)	0.86 (0.71–1.04)	1.16 (1.03–1.32)
Wine
1–5	1.04 (0.96–1.12)	1.01 (0.82–1.26)	0.98 (0.75–1.28)	1.15 (0.98–1.36)	1.18 (0.95–1.47)	0.99 (0.88–1.12)	0.55
> 5	1.12 (1.02–1.22)	1.14 (0.85–1.53)	1.24 (0.88–1.73)	0.97 (0.76–1.25)	1.34 (1.01–1.78)	1.11 (0.99–1.26)
Hard liquor
1–5	1.04 (0.95–1.13)	1.15 (0.95–1.39)	0.76 (0.54–1.07)	1.03 (0.85–1.24)	1.02 (0.81–1.27)	1.10 (0.95–1.26)	0.45
> 5	1.20 (1.11–1.30)	1.36 (1.12–1.65)	1.23 (0.91–1.66)	1.00 (0.81–1.23)	1.32 (1.03–1.69)	1.24 (1.11–1.39)
Vitamin C use (ref. none), any	0.96 (0.92–1.00)	1.05 (0.95–1.17)	0.87 (0.76–1.00)	0.91 (0.85–0.98)	0.92 (0.82–1.03)	1.03 (0.94–1.12)	0.02
DASH quintiles (ref. Q1, 8–20)
Q2 (21–23)	0.91 (0.86–0.97)	0.93 (0.80–1.07)	0.95 (0.80–1.12)	0.93 (0.84–1.02)	1.03 (0.87–1.22)	0.78 (0.68–0.90)	0.12
Q3 (24–25)	0.86 (0.81–0.92)	0.84 (0.71–1.00)	0.88 (0.73–1.07)	0.89 (0.79–0.99)	0.92 (0.77–1.11)	0.79 (0.69–0.92)
Q4 (26–28)	0.87 (0.82–0.93)	0.92 (0.79–1.07)	0.93 (0.78–1.11)	0.88 (0.79–0.98)	1.05 (0.88–1.25)	0.71 (0.62–0.82)
Q5 (29–40)	0.84 (0.79–0.90)	0.86 (0.72–1.02)	0.81 (0.65–1.01)	0.88 (0.78–0.99)	1.00 (0.82–1.20)	0.72 (0.63–0.83)

Values are expressed as hazard ratio (95% CI). All multivariable models are adjusted or stratified by all other factors presented, along with ethnicity, sex, age, education level, generation in the US, marital status, BMI, and history of CVD, diabetes, and kidney stones.
↵^aOverall likelihood ratio test for effect heterogeneity by ethnicity (ref. White) for Cox proportional hazards regression.
↵^bTotal standard number of drinks/day was estimated from total ethanol intake from all sources (1 standard drink ≈ 14 g of ethanol). All other factors were adjusted for total alcoholic drinks/day, but not specific drinks (ie, beer, wine, or hard liquor per week).
↵^cStandard number of drinks/week calculated from g/day of beverages assuming approximately equal density to water (1.0 g/cm²); specific alcoholic beverages are adjusted for each other, but not total number of alcoholic drinks/day. CVD: cardiovascular disease; DASH: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.