Patient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics by opioid medication use in the last 6 months.
| Opioid Medication Use | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| No, n = 249 | Yes, n = 100 | P* | |
| Age, yrs, mean (SD) | 64.8 (8.3) | 62.5 (8.1) | 0.02 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 180 (72.6) | 69 (69.0) | 0.50 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.65 | ||
| White | 171 (68.7) | 67 (67.0) | |
| Black or African American | 16 (6.4) | 9 (9.0) | |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 8 (3.2) | 2 (2.0) | |
| Other | 38 (15.3) | 11 (11.0) | |
| Missing/refused to answer | 16 (6.4) | 11 (11.0) | |
| Hispanic ethnicity, n (%) | 84 (33.7) | 37 (37.0) | 0.56 |
| Education, n (%) | 0.01 | ||
| ≤ High school diploma | 15 (6.0) | 14 (14.0) | |
| High school/GED | 73 (29.3) | 34 (34.0) | |
| Associate’s degree or higher | 127 (51.0) | 34 (34.0) | |
| Other | 31 (12.5) | 18 (18.0) | |
| Missing/refused to answer | 3 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Employment, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Full-time | 52 (21.1) | 12 (12.0) | |
| Part-time | 17 (6.8) | 11 (11.0) | |
| Unemployed | 16 (6.4) | 7 (7.0) | |
| Disabled | 40 (16.1) | 34 (34.0) | |
| Retired | 122 (49.0) | 28 (28.0) | |
| Missing/refused to answer | 2 (0.8) | 8 (8.0) | |
| Married, n (%) | 120 (48.4) | 36 (36.7) | 0.06 |
| Annual income, US$, n (%) | 0.001 | ||
| < 20,000 | 71 (28.5) | 52 (52.0) | |
| 20,000–39,999 | 37 (14.9) | 15 (15.0) | |
| ≥ 40,000 | 113 (45.4) | 25 (25.0) | |
| Missing/refused to answer/unknown | 26 (11.2) | 8 (8.0) | |
| Insurance, n (%) | |||
| Medicaid | 37 (14.9) | 33 (33.0) | 0.003 |
| Medicare | 134 (53.8) | 53 (53.0) | 0.25 |
| Medigap | 50 (20.1) | 18 (18.0) | 0.45 |
| Private | 63 (25.3) | 19 (19.0) | 0.17 |
| HMO | 27 (10.8) | 7 (7.0) | 0.21 |
| Other | 40 (16.1) | 16 (16.0) | 0.08 |
| Overall QOL, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
| Excellent | 33 (13.3) | 7 (7.0) | |
| Very good | 101 (40.6) | 27 (27.0) | |
| Good | 66 (26.5) | 27 (27.0) | |
| Fair | 34 (13.7) | 31 (31.0) | |
| Poor | 15 (6.0) | 7 (7.0) | |
| PHQ-8, mean (SD) | 4.9 (5.3) | 7.2 (5.6) | 0.002 |
| Confidence filling medical forms, n (%) | 0.32 | ||
| Extremely, quite a bit | 212 (85.1) | 86 (86.0) | |
| Somewhat, a little bit, or not at all | 34 (13.6) | 14 (14.0) | |
| Comorbidity score, mean (SD) | 3.2 (1.8) | 4.1 (1.9) | < 0.001 |
| WOMAC pain, mean (SD) | 46.8 (21.1) | 54.8 (20.3) | 0.002 |
| WOMAC disability, mean (SD) | 44.9 (21.5) | 56.6 (19.4) | < 0.001 |
↵* Fisher exact or chi-square test for categorical variables, and t test for continuous variables. GED: General Education Development; HMO: health maintenance organization; PHQ-8: Patient Health Questionnaire-8; QOL; quality of life; WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index.