Table 4.

Hierarchical linear regression analyses of 7 constructs with pain intensity as outcome.

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6	Model 7
R²	0.312	0.362	0.405	0.489	0.496	0.514	0.531
ΔR²	–	0.046	0.043	0.085	0.007	0.018	0.017
Disease-related factors
Disease activity	0.179 (0.159 to 0.199)	0.182 (0.163 to 0.202)	0.165 (0.144 to 0.185)	0.114 (0.092 to 0.136)	0.114 (0.091 to 0.137)	0.112 (0.088 to 0.135)	0.106 (0.081 to 0.130)
Organ damage	0.018 (−0.057 to 0.092)	−0.021 (−0.096 to 0.053)	−0.027 (−0.101 to 0.046)	−0.044 (−0.114 to 0.025)	−0.042 (−0.111 to 0.028)	−0.043 (−0.114 to 0.028)	−0.026 (−0.098 to 0.046)
Demographic factors
Age at survey		0.024 (0.011 to 0.036)	0.024 (0.011 to 0.036)	0.021 (0.009 to 0.033)	0.023 (0.011 to 0.035)	0.021 (0.009 to 0.034)	0.021 (0.008 to 0.034)
Sex
Male		Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Female		-0.851 (−1.528 to -0.174)	-0.676 (−1.333 to -0.019)	-0.809 (−1.443 to -0.175)	-0.817 (−1.449 to -0.185)	-0.841 (−1.502 to -0.181)	-0.932 (−1.607 to -0.257)
Marital status
Not single		Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Single		0.072 (−0.293 to 0.437)	−0.387 (−0.777 to 0.003)	−0.310 (−0.679 to 0.06)	−0.248 (−0.619 to 0.123)	−0.208 (−0.591 to 0.174)	−0.186 (−0.577 to 0.205)
Ethnicity
Non-Black		Ref	Ref
Black		1.334 (0.874 to 1.794)	0.905 (0.44 to 1.37)	0.792 (0.353 to 1.232)	0.766 (0.325 to 1.207)	0.668 (0.212 to 1.125)	0.726 (0.251 to 1.201)
Socioeconomic factors
Household income			-0.181 (−0.274 to -0.088)	-0.139 (−0.227 to -0.052)	-0.143 (−0.231 to -0.056)	-0.148 (−0.238 to -0.058)	-0.121 (−0.218 to -0.024)
Education
High school or less			Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Some college			−0.457 (−0.876 to -0.038)	−0.472 (−0.866 to -0.078)	−0.452 (−0.848 to -0.056)	−0.337 (−0.747 to 0.074)	−0.356 (−0.786 to 0.073)
College or above			−0.853 (−1.338 to -0.369)	−0.829 (−1.284 to -0.374)	−0.792 (−1.248 to -0.336)	−0.574 (−1.048 to -0.101)	−0.630 (−1.119 to -0.142)
Physical factors
PROMIS sleep disturbance				0.060 (0.041 to 0.079)	0.056 (0.037 to 0.076)	0.057 (0.037 to 0.077)	0.051 (0.030 to 0.071)
BMI				0.041 (0.021 to 0.061)	0.04 (0.020 to 0.060)	0.037 (0.017 to 0.058)	0.041 (0.019 to 0.063)
PROMIS physical health				-0.455 (−0.655 to -0.256)	-0.456 (−0.659 to -0.253)	-0.538 (−0.748 to -0.329)	-0.637 (−0.855 to -0.419)
Psychological factors
PROMIS anxiety					−0.015 (−0.038 to 0.008)	−0.01 (−0.034 to 0.015)	−0.006 (−0.032 to 0.019)
PROMIS depression					−0.016 (−0.036 to 0.005)	−0.012 (−0.034 to 0.009)	−0.010 (−0.032 to 0.012)
PROMIS anger					0.028 (0.010 to 0.047)	0.028 (0.009 to 0.047)	0.026 (0.005 to 0.046)
Behavioral factors
Smoking
Not current						Ref	Ref
Current						−0.024 (−0.516 to 0.469)	0.041 (−0.474 to 0.557)
Coping with religion						0.015 (−0.068 to 0.098)	0.021 (−0.065 to 0.108)
Coping with substance and alcohol use						0.002 (−0.151 to 0.155)	0.004 (−0.15 to 0.158)
Coping with self-blame						-0.178 (−0.294 to -0.063)	-0.197 (−0.317 to -0.076)
Coping with denial						0.152 (0.040 to 0.264)	0.159 (0.045 to 0.274)
Social factors
PROMIS emotional support							0.007 (−0.014 to 0.029)
PROMIS social isolation							0.001 (−0.022 to 0.025)
Financial strain							0.030 (−0.034 to 0.094)
Discrimination score							−0.196 (−0.494 to 0.102)

Model 1: Disease-related factors; Model 2: Model 1 + demographic factors; Model 3: Model 2 + socioeconomic factors; Model 4: Model 3 + physical factors; Model 5: Model 4 + psychological factors; Model 6: Model 5 + behavioral factors; Model 7: Model 6 + social factors. Statistically significant variables in the final model are bolded. PROMIS: Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System.