Demographic characteristics and vascular risk factors of the SLE patients and controls studied.
| SLE Stroke, n = 40 | Controls, n = 120 | Total, n = 160 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at stroke, yrs | 44.7 ± 13.7 | 44.7 ± 13.7 | 44.7 ± 13.7 | > 0.99 |
| Women | 35 (87.5) | 105 (87.5) | 140 (87.5) | > 0.99 |
| NIHSS | ||||
| Range | 0–32 | 0–32 | 0–32 | |
| Median, IQR | 4 (0–4) | 2 (2–7.75) | 3 (1–4.25) | 0.01 |
| < 6 | 25 (62.5) | 105 (87.5) | 130 (81.3) | 0.01 |
| ≥ 6 | 11 (27.5) | 13 (10.8) | 24 (15) | |
| Unknown | 4 (10) | 2 (1.7) | 6 (3.7) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 2 (5.0) | 18 (15.0) | 20 (12.5) | 0.10 |
| Hypertension | 14 (35.0) | 43 (35.8) | 57 (35.6) | 0.92 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2 (5.0) | 4 (3.3) | 6 (3.8) | 0.63 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Active smokers | 6 (15.0) | 13 (10.8) | 19 (11.9) | 0.77 |
| Ex-smokers | 2 (5.0) | 7 (5.8) | 9 (5.6) | |
| Nonsmokers | 32 (80.0) | 100 (83.3) | 132 (82.5) | |
| Chronic RHD | 0 (0.0) | 6 (5.0) | 6 (3.8) | 0.15 |
| Heart valve replacement | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.6) | 0.56 |
| Previous stroke | 6 (15.0) | 7 (5.8) | 13 (8.1) | 0.07 |
| Moderate to severe CKDa | 5 (12.5) | 2 (1.7) | 7 (4.38) | 0.004 |
| Vascular risk factors during stroke | ||||
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 5.12 ± 0.69 | 6.05 ± 1.98 | 5.81 ± 1.79 | 0.004 |
| Serum total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.97 ± 1.38 | 5.05 ± 1.09 | 5.03 ± 1.16 | 0.70 |
| Serum triglyceride, mmol/L | 2.02 ± 1.32 | 1.54 ± 0.94 | 1.66 ± 1.17 | 0.01 |
| Serum HDL, mmol/L | 1.15 ± 0.43 | 1.36 ± 0.38 | 1.31 ± 0.40 | 0.004 |
| Serum LDL, mmol/L | 2.94 ± 1.10 | 2.98 ± 0.93 | 2.97 ± 0.97 | 0.83 |
| AIP | 0.48 ± 0.86 | 0.0023 ± 0.69 | 0.12 ± 0.76 | 0.001 |
| Mild (< 0.11) | 15 (37.5) | 77 (64.2) | 92 (57.5) | 0.43 |
| Moderate (0.11–0.21) | 3 (7.5) | 10 (8.3) | 13 (8.1) | |
| Severe (> 0.21) | 22 (55.0) | 33(27.5) | 55 (34.4) | |
| Use of antithrombotic before strokeb | 9 (22.5) | 9 (7.5) | 18 (11.3) | 0.009 |
Data are expressed in mean ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise specified.
↵aDefined as CKD stage 3a or above (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2).
↵bIncluded antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants. AIP: atherogenic index of plasma; CKD: chronic kidney disease; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; IHD: ischemic heart disease; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; NIHSS: National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; RHD: rheumatic heart disease; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus.