Table 2.

Uni- and multivariate logistic regressions presenting the influence of sex (female vs male) on comorbidities and clinical characteristics in the subsample with date of gout onset and lifestyle factors available (Sample B).

	Descriptive Data		Univariable Association		Multivariable Model 1^{^a}		Multivariable Model 2^{^b}
	Females, n (%)	Males, n (%)	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Total group	n = 87	n = 397	n = 484		n = 484		n = 484
Comorbidities, n (%)
Hypertension	70 (80.5)	248 (62.5)	2.47	1.40–4.36	2.46	1.39–4.34	2.10	1.15–3.83
Heart failure	24 (27.6)	50 (12.6)	2.64	1.52–4.61	2.67	1.53–4.66	2.14	1.17–3.92
T2DM	30 (34.5)	61 (15.4)	2.90	1.72–4.87	2.99	1.78–5.04	2.33	1.34–4.08
eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m²	50 (60.2)	107 (27.6)	3.98	2.43–6.51	4.10	2.49–6.75	3.77	2.21–6.43
Clinical characteristics, n (%)
Diuretic use	57 (65.5)	144 (36.3)	3.34	2.05–5.43	3.46	2.11–5.68	2.79	1.67–4.68
Obesity	48 (55.2)	154 (39.4)	1.89	1.19–3.03	1.95	1.21–3.12	1.94	1.19–3.18
Gout onset ≥ 55 yrs	n = 75	n = 184	n = 259		n = 259		n = 259
Comorbidities, n (%)
Hypertension	61 (81.3)	137 (74.5)	1.50	0.77–2.92	1.48	0.75–2.92	1.12	0.54–2.35
Heart failure	22 (29.3)	35 (19.0)	1.77	0.95–3.28	1.62	0.86–3.04	1.30	0.65–2.60
T2DM	29 (38.7)	34 (18.5)	2.78	1.53–5.05	2.69	1.47–4.91	2.05	1.06–3.97
eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m²	46 (64.8)	86 (47.8)	2.01	1.14–3.55	1.63	0.89–3.00	1.39	0.72–2.66
Clinical characteristics, n (%)
Diuretic use	53 (70.7)	98 (53.5)	2.11	1.19–3.76	1.99	1.11–3.56	1.43	0.77–2.67
Obesity	43 (57.3)	67 (36.6)	2.33	1.35–4.02	2.83	1.59–5.04	2.77	1.53–5.03

↵^a Multivariable Model 1 includes age.
↵^b Multivariable Model 2 includes age, BMI (where appropriate), smoking, and alcohol consumption. eGFR: estimated glomerular filtrate rate; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus.