Baseline* characteristics for SLE, age- and sex-matched general Medicaid cohorts, 2007–2010.
| Characteristics | SLE | General Medicaid |
|---|---|---|
| Matched cohort size, N | 46,876 | 187,504 |
| Female | 93 | 93 |
| Age, yrs, mean (SD) | 41.5 (12.2) | 41.5 (12.2) |
| US region of residence | ||
| West | 19 | 27 |
| Northeast | 20 | 19 |
| South | 41 | 34 |
| Midwest | 20 | 20 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||
| White | 35 | 46 |
| African American | 42 | 22 |
| Hispanic | 16 | 25 |
| Asian | 3 | 3 |
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 1 | 1 |
| Lupus nephritis/CKD | 19 | 2 |
| Hypertension | 37 | 15 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 12 | 7 |
| Obesity | 5 | 4 |
| Smoking | 7 | 4 |
| CVD† | 16 | 6 |
| Heart failure | 7 | 2 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 14 | 10 |
| Valvular disease | 6 | 1 |
| Pericarditis/myocarditis | 1 | < 1 |
| Cardiac surgery | 6 | 2 |
| Thyroid disease | 8 | 3 |
| COPD | 12 | 5 |
| No. outpatient visits, mean (SD) | 4.7 (4.8) | 1.9 (3.1) |
| No. medications, mean (SD) | 10.7 (10.3) | 3.9 (6.0) |
| Anticoagulant use | 6 | < 1 |
| Beta blocker use | 12 | 5 |
| Statin use | 10 | 6 |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB use | 21 | 8 |
| Hydroxychloroquine use | 36 | < 1 |
| Immunosuppressants‡ | 19 | < 1 |
| Glucocorticoid use ≥ 10 mg/day ever | 41 | 6 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 2.0 (1.5) | 0.5 (1.3) |
Values are % unless otherwise specified.
↵* Baseline is the 6-month period prior to and including the index date.
↵† CVD: baseline presence of any CVD by ICD-9 codes for acute MI, old MI, angina, coronary atherosclerosis, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass graft, cerebrovascular accident, peripheral vascular disease, carotid artery stenosis, heart failure.
↵‡ Immunosuppressants: mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolic acid, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, cyclosporine, methotrexate, leflunomide, rituximab, and tacrolimus. SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICD-9: International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision; MI: myocardial infarction.