Table 1.

Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review.

Author, Year	Dx	Country	Mean Followup, yrs (inclusion yrs)	Mean Age, yrs	Males, %	Data Source	Sample Size (no. events)	Incidence Rate of CV Events (per 100 patient-yrs)	Evaluated Predictors	Outcomes	Outcome Source	Model Properties Statistics
Alemao 2017³⁸	RA	UK	6.0 (1997–2010)	58.5	29 (RA), 31.6 (non-RA)	Patient registry	12,747	RA: 4.29 (FRS), 1.78 (QRISK2); Non-RA: 3.1 (FRS), 1.3 (QRISK2)	FRS: All traditional risk factors, except dyslipidemia; QRISK2: All traditional risk factors, except dyslipidemia, obesity, atrial fibrillation, renal disease	FRS: MI, stroke, HF, aortic aneurysm, TIA, unstable angina, IC; QRISK: MI, CHD, stroke, TIA	ICD code	C-statistic, NRI
Arts 2015³⁵	RA	Netherlands	(1985/1990–2011)	54 (without CVD event = 53; with CVD event = 61)	34	Patient registry	1157 (149)	1.14	FRS, SCORE, RRS (excluding hsCRP), QRISK2	ACS, angina, CVA, TIA, PVD, HF	Chart review	C-statistic, specificity, sensitivity, PPV, NPV
Arts 2016³⁶	RA	Netherlands	N/A (1985–2011)	54 (without CVD event = 53; with CVD event = 62)	33.7	Patient registry	1016 (103)	N/A	SCORE vs mSCORE (smoking status, systolic BP, TC:HDL ratio, BMI, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, DAS28)	ACS, CVA, HF, CV death	Chart review	C-statistic
Crowson 2012 ³³	RA	USA	8.4 (1988–2008)	57	31	Population administrative data	525 (84)	N/A	mFRS (1.8 multiplication factor), FRS, RRS	MI, CV death, angina, stroke, IC, HF	ICD code, chart review	C-statistic
Crowson 2017⁴⁰	RA	UK, Norway, Netherlands, USA, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Greece, Canada, Mexico	5.8 (1985– 2014)	55	24	Several int’l patient registries	5638 (389)	1.3%/yr	Model A (with DAS28-ESR), Model B (with HAQ), FRS, PCE, QRISK2, SCORE; Age, sex, hypertension, current smoker, TC:HDL ratio, DAS28-ESR, HAQ	ACS, chronic ischemic heart disease, coronary revascularization, coronary death, other CV death, cerebrovascular events, peripheral vascular events	N/A	C-statistic
Crowson 2017 ³⁴	RA	UK, Norway, Netherlands, USA, South Africa, Canada, Mexico	6.9 (1985–2013, varies based on cohort)	54	26	Several int’l patient registries	1796 (100)	0.8	QRISK2, EULAR, multiplier, and ERS-RA, vs PCE, FRS-ATP, and RRS	MI, ischemic stroke, CV death	N/A	C-statistic, NRI
Finckh 2012 ³⁷	RA	Switzerland	9	77 (MACE), 64 (no MACE)	42 (MACE), 23 (no MACE)	Patient registry	118 (19)	1.70	FRS, mFRS (CRP, RF, anti-CCP, ox-LDL, NT-proBNP, anti-apoA-I)	ACS, stroke	Chart review	C-statistic, IDI
Ljung 2018 ³²	RA	Sweden	2.4–7.6 (2006–2015); varies based on cohort	54.9–61.2	25.8–28.3	Patient registry	Cohort 1: 20,822 (2017); Cohort 2: 2047 (136); Cohort 3: 15,575 (427)	N/A	ERS-RA	MI, stroke, CV death	ICD code	C-statistic
Navarini 2018 ³¹	PsA	Italy	N/A	48	39	Patient registry	155 (21)	1.35	FRS, QRISK2, RRS, SCORE, CUORE, EULAR multiplier	CV death, CAD (stable and unstable angina, MI), CVA, TIA, PAD, HF	Chart review	C-statistic, specificity, sensitivity, PPV, NPV
Solomon 2015³⁹	RA	USA	2.9 (2001–2011)	57	22	Patient registry	23,605 (161)	2.5 (MI), 3.0 (stroke), 1.0 (CV death)	FRS, PCE, ERS-RA (CDAI, mHAQ-DI, prednisone use, disease duration)	MI, stroke, CV death	Chart review	C-statistic, NRI
Urowitz 2016 ⁴¹	SLE	Canada	9.0 (1970–present)	43.7 (part 1) 42.4 (part 2)	10.1 (part 1), 10.9 (part 2)	Patient registry	1013 (95)	N/A	FRS (age, sex, disease duration, hsCRP, smoking, blood pressure, cholesterol, HDL), SLEDAI-2K	CAD = MI, angina, sudden death	N/A	Sensitivity, specificity

ACS: acute coronary syndrome; anti-CCP: anticyclic citrullinated peptide; anti-apoA-I: anti-apolipoprotein A–I; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; CAD: coronary artery disease; CHD: coronary heart disease; CDAI: Clinical Disease Activity Index; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; CV: cardiovascular; CVD: CV disease; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; DAS28: 28-joint count Disease Activity Score for RA; DAS28-ESR: DAS28 using erythrocyte sedimentation rate; ERS-RA: Expanded Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Score for RA; EULAR: European League Against Rheumatism; FRS: Framingham Risk Score; FRS-ATP: FRS in Adult Treatment Panel; HAQ: Health Assessment Questionnaire; HAQ-DI: HAQ–Disability Index; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HF: heart failure; IC: intermittent claudication; ICD: International Classification of Diseases; IDI: integrated discrimination improvement; MACE: major adverse CV event; mFRS: modified FRS; mHAQ-DI: modified HAQ-DI; MI: myocardial infarction; N/A: not applicable; NPV: negative predictive value; NRI: net reclassification improvement; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; ox-LDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; PAD: peripheral artery disease; PCE: American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Pooled Cohort Equation; PsA: psoriatic arthritis; PPV: positive predictive value; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; RF: rheumatoid factor; RRS: Reynolds Risk Score; SCORE: Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation; mSCORE: modified SCORE; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; SLEDAI-2K: SLE Disease Activity Index 2000; TC: total cholesterol; TIA: transient ischemic attack.