Comparison of disease manifestations and internal organ involvement across ethnicities.
| Variables | European-descent White, n = 745 | Afro-Caribbean, n = 58 | South Asian, n = 70 | East Asian, n = 80 | Hispanic, n = 30 | Arab, n = 9 | First Nations, n = 7 | Persian, n = 6 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Diffuse subtype | 261 (35) | 28 (48) | 21 (30) | 39 (49) | 9 (30) | 3 (33) | 5 (56) | 0 (0) | 0.02 |
| Female sex | 609 (82) | 47 (81) | 56 (81) | 64 (80) | 26 (87) | 8 (89) | 7 (78) | 6 (100) | 0.78 |
| Disease duration, mean, yrs | 12.8 | 10.2 | 7.5 | 10.0 | 11.2 | 10.2 | 9.2 | 12.2 | < 0.001* |
| Age at diagnosis, mean, yrs | 47.1 | 41.0 | 45.8 | 48.2 | 47.9 | 42.3 | 35.6 | 43.0 | 0.01 |
| Clinical manifestations | |||||||||
| Calcinosis | 219 (29) | 12 (21) | 15 (21) | 7 (9) | 6 (20) | 3 (33) | 3 (33) | 1 (17) | 0.002* |
| Raynaud phenomenon | 715 (96) | 54 (93) | 66 (94) | 73 (91) | 29 (97) | 9 (100) | 7 (100) | 6 (100) | 0.55 |
| Esophageal dysmotility | 652 (88) | 54 (93) | 59(84) | 55 (69) | 27 (90) | 8 (89) | 7 (100) | 5 (83) | 0.002* |
| Sclerodactyly | 710 (95) | 53 (91) | 63 (90) | 68 (85) | 27 (90) | 9 (100) | 7 (100) | 6 (100) | 0.01 |
| Telangiectasia | 601 (81) | 26 (45) | 46 (66) | 45 (57) | 23 (77) | 6 (67) | 5 (56) | 4 (67) | < 0.001* |
| Interstitial lung disease | 234 (31) | 31 (53) | 32 (46) | 33 (41) | 11 (37) | 3 (33) | 4 (44) | 1 (17) | 0.007 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 198 (27) | 16 (28) | 19 (27) | 25 (31) | 6 (20) | 2 (22) | 3 (33) | 0 (0) | 0.82 |
| Scleroderma renal crisis | 44 (6) | 4 (7) | 6 (9) | 1 (1) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (17) | 0.36 |
| Abnormal nailfold capillary | 236 (32) | 23 (40) | 37 (53) | 25 (31) | 11 (37) | 1 (11) | 2 (22) | 1 (17) | 0.02 |
| Digital ulcers | 263 (35) | 19 (33) | 21 (30) | 21 (26) | 12 (40) | 2 (22) | 2 (22) | 2 (33) | 0.71 |
| Antibodies | |||||||||
| Scl-70 antibody | 111 (15) | 19 (33) | 17 (24) | 28 (35) | 3 (10) | 4 (44) | 2 (22) | 4 (67) | < 0.001* |
| Anticentromere antibody | 155 (21) | 1 (2) | 13 (17) | 18 (23) | 13 (43) | 1 (11) | 1 (11) | 2 (33) | 0.001* |
| Comorbidities | |||||||||
| Coronary artery disease | 70 (9) | 0 (0) | 4 (6) | 3 (4) | 2 (7) | 0 (0) | 1 (11) | 0 (0) | 0.09 |
| Systemic hypertension | 154 (21) | 9 (16) | 13 (19) | 14 (18) | 4 (13) | 0 (0) | 3 (33) | 1 (17) | 0.65 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 39 (5.2) | 3 (5.2) | 7 (10) | 4 (5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (33) | 1 (17) | 0.03 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 45 (6) | 1 (2) | 8 (11) | 3 (4) | 2 (7) | 2 (22) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.16 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 34 (5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (17) | 0.05 |
| Cancer | 90 (12) | 3 (5) | 2(3) | 7 (9) | 3 (10) | 1 (11) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.19 |
| Stroke | 21 (3) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.86 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 25 (3) | 3 (5) | 1 (1) | 2 (3) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.90 |
Values are expressed as n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Clinical manifestations and comorbidities occurred at any time. Disease duration was determined from date of diagnosis. Pearson chi-square test was used to evaluate differences in proportions, and Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test was used to evaluate differences in means.
↵* Denotes statistical significance after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.