Table 5.

Cox hazard analysis of clinical risk factors for ESRD in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis.

Variables	Univariate			Multivariate
Variables	HR	95% CI	p	HR	95% CI	p
Age	0.979	0.942–1.017	0.276
Sex, f/m	3.668	1.410–9.545	0.008	1.867	0.541–6.445	0.323
WBC count, × 10⁹/l	1.252	1.104–1.421	< 0.001	1.104	0.929–1.312	0.261
Hemoglobin, g/l	0.966	0.945–0.988	0.003	0.972	0.943–1.001	0.056
Platelet, × 10⁹/l	1.003	0.997–1.009	0.705
C3, mg/dl	0.993	0.968–1.019	0.607
C4, mg/dl	1.044	0.981–1.112	0.174
Positive anti-dsDNA	1.364	0.553–3.362	0.5
uPCR, g/g	1.135	1.060–1.216	< 0.001	1.141	1.038–1.253	0.006
SCr, mg/dl	2.093	1.705–2.569	< 0.001	1.876	1.447–2.433	< 0.001
Albumin, g/l	0.937	0.871–1.008	0.079
Renal pathological characteristics
Glomerular sclerosis, %	1.037	1.008–1.067	0.012	1.040	1.001–1.081	0.045
Segmental crescents, %	1.001	0.965–1.039	0.942
Cellular crescents, %	1.044	1.023–1.064	< 0.001	1.041	1.014–1.070	0.003
Fibrous crescents, %	1.243	1.024–1.509	0.028	0.846	0.617–1.159	0.298
Fibrocellular crescents, %	1.123	1.069–1.180	< 0.001	1.104	1.027–1.187	0.007
Fibrinoid necrosis	0.517	0.069–3.867	0.521
Mesangial proliferation			0.453
Mild	0.214	0.026–1.737	0.149
Moderate	0.346	0.040–3.004	0.336
Severe	0.262	0.027–2.584	0.251
Podocyte fusion			0.780
Localized	1929	0.000–1.1 × 10¹⁰	0.948
Partial	4321	0.000–2.5 × 10¹⁰	0.942
Extensive	3024	0.000–1.7 × 10¹⁰	0.945
Thrombosis	1.874	0.251–14.022	0.541
Tubulitis	1.816	0.782–4.214	0.165
Tubular atrophy			0.001
Mild	1.159	0.393–3.417	0.789
Moderate	6.746	1.215–37.457	0.029	0.088	7.138–15.739	0.837
Severe	6.326	2.214–31.311	0.002	2.212	0.441–11.106	0.335
Interstitial infiltration			0.643
Mild	0.993	0.284–3.473	0.991
Moderate	1.925	0.459–8.065	0.370
Severe	0.000	0.00–0.00	0.979
Interstitial fibrosis	0.772	0.248–2.402	0.655
C1q			0.778
Mild	0.388	0.054–2.756	0.344
Moderate	0.765	0.162–3.609	0.735
Severe	0.813	0.174–3.803	0.792

ESRD: endstage renal disease; WBC: white blood cell; C3: complement factor 3; uPCR: urine protein creatinine ratio; SCr: serum creatinine.