Gestational, perinatal-related, and environmental factors during gestation affecting patients with JIA and healthy controls. Values are n (%) and mean ± SD.
| Variables | JIA, n = 66 | Healthy Controls, n = 124 | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| During pregnancy | |||
| Low/middle socioeconomic status | 31 (47) | 30 (24) | 0.002 |
| Employment | |||
| Maternal employment | 26 (39) | 99 (80) | < 0.001 |
| Maternal occupational exposure | 15 (23) | 10 (8) | 0.006 |
| Exposure to cigarette smoke | |||
| Maternal smoking | 10 (15) | 3 (2) | 0.002 |
| Maternal secondhand smoke exposure | 28 (42) | 25 (20) | 0.002 |
| Intrauterine cigarette smoke exposure | 32 (48) | 26 (21) | < 0.001 |
| > 20 cigarettes/day | 15 (48)a | 9 (36)b | 0.42 |
| Gestational and perinatal-related factors | |||
| Maternal weight gain, ideal | |||
| Under ideal, < 11.5 kg | 37 (56) | 48 (39) | 0.032 |
| Ideal, 11.5–16 kg | 16 (24) | 60 (48) | 0.002 |
| Above ideal, > 16 kg | 13 (20) | 16 (13) | 0.290 |
| Alcohol consumption | 2 (3) | 1 (1) | 0.280 |
| Prematurity | 6 (9) | 5 (4) | 0.200 |
| Birth weight | |||
| < 2.5 kg | 7 (11) | 11 (9) | 0.800 |
| 2.5–4.0 kg | 57 (86) | 110 (90) | 0.650 |
| > 4.0 kg | 2 (3) | 2 (2) | 0.610 |
| Home/work distance to gas stations, factories, and quarries | |||
| < 100 m | 20 (13) | 14 (17) | 0.30 |
| 100–200 m | 14 (9) | 19 (23) | 0.42 |
| 200–500 m | 30 (20) | 32 (40) | 0.80 |
| Traffic exposure | |||
| Commute time from home to work | |||
| < 30 min | 14 (21) | 43 (12) | 0.400 |
| 30–60 min | 9 (13) | 38 (31) | 0.860 |
| > 60 min | 3 (5) | 19 (15) | 0.400 |
| Air pollutants | |||
| SO2 in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy, µg/m3 | 11.9 ± 3.3 | 13.9 ± 5.3 | 0.002 |
| Season | |||
| Early pregnancy | |||
| Summer | 11 (17) | 28 (23) | 0.45 |
| Autumn | 19 (29) | 36 (29) | 1.00 |
| Winter | 15 (23) | 33 (27) | 0.60 |
| Spring | 21 (32) | 27 (22) | 0.16 |
| Late pregnancy | |||
| Summer | 19 (29) | 19 (29) | 1.00 |
| Autumn | 14 (21) | 14 (21) | 0.480 |
| Winter | 23 (35) | 23 (35) | 0.06 |
| Spring | 10 (15) | 10 (15) | 0.20 |
| After birth | |||
| Exposure to cigarette smoke | |||
| Secondhand smoke exposure | 33 (50) | 23.4 (29) | < 0.001 |
| Exposure to cigarette smoke, yrs | 3.5 ± 4.5 | 2.5 ± 4.9 | < 0.001 |
| Intrauterine and after-birth exposure | 27 (41) | 21 (17) | 0.14 |
| Daycare/school attendance | 47 (71) | 117 (94) | < 0.001 |
| Daycare or school attendance, yrs | 4.0 ± 4.9 | 6.3 ± 4.4 | 0.01 |
| Home/school distance to gas stations, factories, and quarries | |||
| < 100 m | 23 (35) | 30 (24) | 0.13 |
| 100–200 m | 24 (36) | 34 (27) | 0.25 |
| 200–500 m | 34 (52) | 60 (48) | 0.76 |
| Traffic exposure | |||
| Commute time from home to work | |||
| < 30 min | 38 (58) | 79 (64) | 0.13 |
| 30–60 min | 4 (6) | 23 (19) | 0.10 |
| > 60 min | 6 (9) | 14 (11) | 1.0 |
| Air pollutants | |||
| O3 exposure, 2nd yr of life, µg/m3 | 86.03 ± 7.3 | 82.8 ± 6.4 | 0.04 |