Table 1.

Demographics, clinical characteristics, cognition, patient-reported outcomes, and logistic regression to test the association of variables with outcome cognitive impairment (CI) in patients with SLE as defined by HVLT-R total recall or delayed recall.

Variables		Descriptive			Univariate				Multivariate^*
Variables	Total, n = 98	No CI, n = 68	CI, n = 30	p	OR	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	p	OR	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	p
Female, %	93.9	92.6	96.7	0.44	2.30	0.26	20.60	0.46
White, %	56.1	61.8	43.3	0.20	0.47	0.20	1.13	0.09	0.67	0.25	1.78	0.42
Age, yrs, mean ± SD	47.7 ± 13.4	49.1 ± 13.7	44.4 ± 11.9	0.10	0.97	0.94	1.01	0.11
Age at SLE diagnosis, yrs, mean ± SD	30.4 ± 12.0	29.9 ± 13.0	31.3 ± 9.2	0.61	1.01	0.97	1.05	0.60
SLE disease duration, yrs, mean ± SD	18.5 ± 12.1	20.4 ± 12.7	14.2 ± 8.9	0.02	0.95	0.91	0.99	0.02	0.94	0.90	0.99	0.02
Education, yrs, mean ± SD	15.2 ± 2.9	15.6 ± 3.0	14.5 ± 2.7	0.08	0.87	0.74	1.02	0.08	0.81	0.67	0.96	0.02
SLEDAI-2K, mean ± SD	3.0 ± 3.8	2.8 ± 3.5	3.5 ± 4.4	0.44	1.05	0.94	1.17	0.44
SDI score, mean ± SD	1.8 ± 2.2	1.9 ± 2.3	1.8 ± 1.6	0.77	0.97	0.80	1.19	0.76
RIST index (intelligence), mean ± SD	97.8 ± 16.0	100.2 ± 16.9	92.3 ± 11.9	0.03	0.97	0.94	0.99	0.04
CES-D (depression) score, mean ± SD	17.8 ± 12.1	15.7 ± 10.7	22.4 ± 13.9	0.01	1.05	1.01	1.10	0.01
BAI (anxiety) score, mean ± SD	16.0 ± 12.0	14.7 ± 11.4	19.0 ± 13.2	0.11	1.03	1.00	1.07	0.12
Fatigue Severity Scale score, mean ± SD	6.1 ± 2.6	5.9 ± 2.5	6.6 ± 2.8	0.27	1.16	0.95	1.41	0.15
CVE (TIA, angina, MI, CHF), % ever	10.2	10.3	10.0	0.32	1.01	0.24	4.19	0.99
Hypertension, % ever	62.2	62.2	60.0	0.32	0.95	0.39	2.33	0.91
Diabetes, % ever	8.2	8.8	6.7	0.30	0.77	0.15	4.04	0.75
aPL, % ever	15.3	17.6	10.0	0.33	0.35	0.13	0.97	0.04
aPL, % past 5 yrs	10.2	13.2	3.3	0.11
aPL, syndrome ever	15.3	17.6	10.0		0.52	0.14	1.99	0.34
Dyslipidemia, % ever	82.7	85.3	76.7	0.25	0.66	0.26	2.02	0.47
Smoker, % past 5 yrs	17.3	19.1	13.3	0.26	0.68	0.20	2.29	0.53
Glucocorticoid treatment, % current use	90.8	88.2	96.7	0.18	3.86	0.46	32.36	0.22
Glucocorticoid dose, mg/day, mean ± SD	5.7 ± 7.4	5.6 ± 6.5	5.9 ± 9.1	0.18	1.01	0.95	1.07	0.86
Use of ASA or warfarin at time of study, %	28.6	27.9	30.0	0.83	1.11	0.43	2.84	0.84
Psychotropic medications at time of study, %	21.4	17.6	30.0	0.17	2.00	0.74	5.43	0.17
Pain medications at time of study, %	10.2	10.3	10.0	0.97	0.97	0.23	4.03	0.96
Psychotropic or pain medications at time of study, %	30.6	27.9	36.7	0.39	1.50	0.60	3.72	0.39
HVLT-R (mean ± SD)
Total recall T score	44.7 ± 11.9	50.5 ± 7.9	31.4 ± 8.3	< 0.001
Delayed recall T score	44.0 ± 12.2	50.6 ± 7.0	29.1 ± 6.9	< 0.001
MoCA score out of 30, mean ± SD	25.0 ± 3.0	25.6 ± 2.8	23.6 ± 2.9	0.002
MMSE score out of 30, mean ± SD	27.8 ± 2.3	28.2 ± 2.0	26.8 ± 2.5	0.006

↵* Variables with p < 0.2 were entered into multivariate logistic regression. No correlations among variables entered into the multivariate logistic model were higher than moderate. Collinearity between years of education and Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test was 0.33 (i.e. in the low range). SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; SLEDAI-2K: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000; RIST: Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test (6 missing values); CES-D: Center of Epidemiologic Depression Scale; BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory (1 missing value); CVE: cardiovascular event; TIA: transient ischemic attack; MI: myocardial infarction; CHF: congestive heart failure; aPL: antiphospholipid antibodies; HVLT-R: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination; SDI: Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid.