Table 2.

Predictors of renal flares in 139 patients with lupus nephritis by univariate and multivariate analysis.

Predictor Variables	Univariate		Multivariate
Predictor Variables	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
Sex (male vs female)	1.611 (0.642–4.040)	0.310	1.395 (0.449–4.338)	0.565
Age	0.967 (0.942–0.992)	0.011	1.000 (0.968–1.034)	0.986
Baseline laboratory measures
Serum creatinine	0.991 (0.985–0.997)	0.004	0.989 (0.981–0.997)	0.006
Urinary protein excretion	1.009 (0.913–1.116)	0.861	1.055 (0.939–1.185)	0.370
Anti-dsDNA level	1.001 (1.000–1.003)	0.137	1.002 (1.000–1.004)	0.056
C3 level	0.998 (0.985–1.012)	0.787	0.994 (0.979–1.009)	0.402
Induction treatment ^†
PRED + CYC, n = 64	1.000	—	1.000	—
PRED + MPA, n = 75	0.365 (0.165–0.870)	0.013	1.775 (0.622–5.062)	0.283
Maintenance treatment ^††
PRED + AZA, n = 85	1.000	—	1.000	—
PRED + MPA, n = 54	0.319 (0.154–0.664)	0.002	0.314 (0.099–0.994)	0.049
Use of antimalarial	0.672 (0.253–1.785)	0.426	0.588 (0.189–1.828)	0.359
History of renal relapse	0.703 (0.385–1.286)	0.253	0.975 (0.464–2.048)	0.946
Treatment outcome^#
Complete renal remission	0.473 (0.251–0.892)	0.021	0.329 (0.133–0.810)	0.016
Partial renal remission	2.111 (0.909–4.901)	0.082	2.032 (0.737–5.601)	0.170
Treatment era
Before MPA available (i.e., 1983–1997)	1.000	—	1.000	—
After MPA available (i.e., 1998–2013)	0.284 (0.156–0.518)	< 0.001	0.305 (0.133–0.700)	0.005

↵† PRED + CYC as reference group.
↵†† PRED + AZA as reference group.
↵# Treatment failure as reference group. AZA: azathioprine; CYC: cyclophosphamide; MPA: mycophenolic acid; PRED: prednisolone.