Characteristic | Arterial Stiffness Pulse wave velocity | Wave Reflection | Pressure Pulsatility | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Augmentation index | Reflected wave pressure | Reflection magnitude | Central systolic BP | Central pulse pressure | Peripheral pulse pressure1 | Pulse pressure amplification | Forward wave pressure | |||||||||||
Partial r | p | Partial r | p | Partial r | p | Partial r | p | Partial r | p | Partial r | p | Partial r | p | Partial r | p | Partial r | p | |
Age | 0.27 | < 0.01 | — | — | 0.29 | < 0.01 | — | — | — | — | 0.33 | < 0.01 | 0.24 | < 0.01 | — | — | 0.31 | < 0.01 |
Female | −0.22 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Race2 | — | — | 0.21 | 0.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | −0.28 | < 0.01 | — | — | — | — |
Body height | — | — | −0.27 | < 0.01 | −0.39 | < 0.01 | −0.43 | < 0.01 | — | — | −0.32 | < 0.01 | — | — | 0.42 | < 0.01 | — | — |
Heart rate | — | — | −0.43 | < 0.01 | −0.56 | < 0.01 | −0.62 | < 0.01 | −0.27 | < 0.01 | −0.41 | < 0.01 | — | — | 0.74 | < 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.05 |
SBP | 0.27 | < 0.01 | 0.32 | < 0.01 | 0.66 | < 0.01 | 0.26 | < 0.01 | 0.79 | < 0.01 | 0.67 | < 0.01 | — | — | −0.25 | < 0.01 | 0.51 | < 0.01 |
DBP | — | — | — | — | −0.34 | < 0.01 | — | — | — | — | −0.37 | < 0.01 | — | — | — | — | −0.31 | < 0.01 |
Mean BP | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.46 | < 0.01 | — | — | — | — |
BMI3 | — | — | −0.19 | 0.02 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | −0.29 | < 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.01 | — | — |
Exercise | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.19 | 0.02 | — | — |
Alcohol | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | −0.27 | < 0.01 | — | — | — | — |
Statin | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.28 | < 0.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Insulin Rx | — | — | — | — | −0.24 | < 0.01 | — | — | −0.30 | < 0.01 | −0.29 | < 0.01 | — | — | −0.19 | 0.02 | −0.30 | < 0.01 |
RA duration4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.17 | 0.04 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
CRP | −0.17 | 0.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | −0.24 | < 0.01 | — | — | — | — | −0.20 | 0.01 |
RF-positive | — | — | — | — | 0.20 | 0.01 | — | — | — | — | 0.18 | 0.03 | — | — | −0.19 | 0.02 | — | — |
WCC | — | — | — | — | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.19 | 0.02 | — | — | 0.16 | 0.05 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Methotrexate | 0.19 | 0.03 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Chloroquine | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Tetracycline | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | −0.20 | 0.02 | — | — | — | — |
TNF-α | −0.25 | < 0.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.23 | < 0.01 | — | — |
Total chol. | — | — | 0.24 | < 0.01 | — | — | 0.26 | < 0.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | −0.18 | 0.03 | — | — |
HDL chol. | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
HOMA-IR | — | — | −0.20 | 0.01 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | −0.21 | < 0.01 | — | — | — | — |
Model R2 | 0.37 | 0.48 | 0.71 | 0.48 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.48 | 0.63 | 0.46 |
Significant associations are shown in bold. Relationships were assessed in stepwise backward regression models; all patient characteristics (other than waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and no. deformed joints) were consistently entered as independent variables with exceptions as stated below, and race was additionally forced into the models. The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration was rejected in the analysis because of co-linearity with age.
↵1Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were replaced by mean arterial pressure in the model.
↵2White = 1; Asian = 2; black = 3; mixed = 4.
↵3Height was not entered into the model.
↵4Age at time of the study was replaced by age at disease onset in the model. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BP: blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; Rx: treatment; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; CRP: C-reactive protein; RF: rheumatoid factor; WCC: white cell (leukocyte) count; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; chol: cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance.