Table 2.

Factor loadings of the Helplessness and Internality factors from the exploratory factor analysis 9-item solution.

Item (original RAI item number)aHelplessness FactorInternality Factor
1. My condition is controlling my life. (1)0.5920.048
2. I can reduce my pain by staying calm and relaxed. (3)0.0510.424
3. If I do all the right things, I can successfully manage my condition. (5)0.1330.431
4. When I manage my personal life well, my condition does not flare up as much. (8)−0.0040.712
5. I have considerable ability to control my pain. (9)0.1870.534
6. I would feel helpless if I couldn’t rely on other people for help with my condition. (10)0.717−0.427
7. No matter what I do or how hard I try, I just can’t seem to get relief from my pain. (12)0.6370.033
8. I am coping effectively with my condition. (13)0.4620.102
9. It seems that fate and other factors beyond my control affect my condition. (14)0.457−0.056
  • a Dropped items included the following: Item 2: Managing my condition is largely my own responsibility; Item 4: Too often my pain just seems to hit me out of the blue; Item 6: I can do a lot of things myself to cope with my condition; Item 7: When it comes to my condition, I feel I can only do what my doctor tells me to do; Item 11: Usually, I can tell when my condition is going to flare up; Item 15: I want to learn as much as I can about my condition.