Table 1.

Risk factors for progression of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection into active disease.

  • Recent close exposure to active pulmonary TB (within 2 years)

  • Human immunodeficiency virus infection

  • Recently exposed infants and children aged < 5 years

  • Silicosis

  • Radiographic findings consistent with prior untreated or not adequately treated TB

  • Immigrants from high TB burden areas

  • Residents and employees of congregate living facilities

  • Solid organ transplantation/solid organ tumors (neck, head, lung)/lymphoma, leukemia

  • Gastrectomy/jejunoileal bypass

  • Chronic renal failure/hemodialysis

  • Diabetes mellitus/low body mass index (< 18.5)

  • Longterm therapies with corticosteroids/immunosuppressive drugs or with tumor necrosis factor-α blockers

  • Cigarette smokers/drug or alcohol abusers