AuthorRef | Participants | Erosion Definition | Frequency | Location | Size | Longitudinal Assessment | Shape | Other Features Described |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lee6 | RA (n = 16) | Sharply demarcated juxtaarticular focal bone lesion with a cortical break (loss of cortex) in at least 2 adjacent slices | 94%; mean 5.4/patient (MCP2, 3) | NR | Width, semiquantitative score | NR | NR | |
Tom8 | EIA (n = 47) but only 27 with 1-year followup | SPECTRA* | 23% | NR | Width and depth in axial and perpendicular axes | 1 year (n = 27): 56% no erosions; 7% erosions resolved; 22% erosion no. stable; 15% erosion no. increased. Increases in mean size for all dimensions except perpendicular width, which decreased; few progressed > SDC | NR | |
Töpfer9 | RA (n = 22) | Juxtaarticular break in the cortical shell | N = 40; 12 subjects single erosion, 10 subjects multiple erosions | NR | Sphericity, volume | 20% decreased and 15% increased in volume | NR | |
Barnabe11 | RA and controls, n = 58 joints | SPECTRA | NR | NR | Width and depth in axial and perpendicular axes | NR | NR | |
Barnabe13 | RA (n = 9) | SPECTRA | NR | NR | Width and depth in axial and perpendicular axes | 1 year: 1 new erosion. No significant change in erosion dimensions | NR | |
Hecht16 | RA (n = 267) | Pathological cortical break within bone lining | N = 897; 25% of subjects had no erosions. Mean 5.4/RF+ACPA+ patient and mean 2.5/RF–ACPA– patient (all MCP) | MCP2 most commonly affected | Width, depth, volume | NR | NR | |
Kleyer17 | ACPA+ but no history of arthritis and no signs of arthritis (n = 15); ACPA– (n = 15) | Juxtaarticular break in the cortical shell | N = 5 in ACPA+, N = 5 ACPA− | Radial aspect of 2nd and 3rd MCP most commonly affected in both groups | Width, depth | NR | NR | |
Scharmga18 | Unknown history/cadaver (n = 8) | SPECTRA | N = 24 Mean 1.3/joint | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
Simon19 | PsO (n = 55); control (n = 47) | Cortical breaks within the joint and visible in 2 planes | N = 27 in PsO, N = 18 in controls | Most frequent location of erosions was radial aspect of MCH 2 in both groups | Volume | NR | NR | |
Simon20 | PsO (n = 55) | NR | 29% | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
Töpfer23 | RA (n = 18) | Not specified | N = 43, mean 2.4/patient (MCP2, 3, 4) | NR | NR | NR | NR | |
Albrecht24 | RA (n = 50) | Juxtaarticular break in the cortical shell | Erosions found in 137/600 of evaluated joint regions | NR | Volume | NR | NR | |
Aschenberg25 | RA (n = 40) | Juxtaarticular break in the cortical shell | Mean 5.7/subject (MCP2, 3) | NR | Semiquantitative score | 1 year: Increase to 6.13/subject and in erosion score | NR | |
Barnabe27 | RA (n = 15); control (n = 15) | Definite cortical break on a 2–dimensional image extending over a minimum of three 82-micron slices | RA: 100%, mean 23.6/subject; controls: 60%, mean 3.6/subject (All PIP and MCP evaluated) | RA: MCH > PB; controls: PIP > MCP | NR | NR | NR | |
Finzel31 | RA (n = 27); control (n = 20) | Cortical break defined as defect in cortical lining detectable in 2 perpendicular planes. Physiological and abnormal breaks defined according to examiner | NR | wrist | Width and depth in axial and perpendicular axes | NR | NR | |
Finzel32 | RA (n = 27); control (n = 20) | Cortical break defined as defect in cortical lining detectable in 2 perpendicular planes. Physiological and abnormal breaks defined according to examiner | NR | MCP | Width and depth in axial and perpendicular axes | NR | NR | |
Finzel33 | RA (n = 20) | Break of the juxtaarticular cortical bone | N = 133 | MCP2 > MCP3, 4; MCH > PB; radial > ulnar, palmar or dorsal | Width, depth | 1 year: 9 new erosions. Width of bone erosions significantly decreased with TCZ | NR | Osteosclerosis determined in relation to change in erosion size |
Finzel34 | PsA (n = 41); RA (n = 43) | NR | NR | NR | Width, depth | Width of erosions did not progress in MTX- or TNFi-treated PsA patients | NR | |
Regensburger7 | RA (n = 103) | Clear juxtaarticular bone lesion with a cortical break that can be seen in 2 consecutive images in 2 perpendicular planes | N = 360 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Osteosclerosis |
Srikhum35 | RA (n = 16); healthy (n = 7) | Sharply demarcated juxtaarticular focal bone lesion with (loss of cortex) in at least 2 adjacent slices | RA (n = 30); MCP2, 69%; MCP3, 50%; controls (n = 3); MCP2 29%; MCP3 43% | MCP2 > MCP3 | Axial width a cortical break | NR MCP3, 50%; | NR | |
Toepfer36 | RA (n = 25) | NR | NR | NR | Volume, sphericity, surface area | NR | NR | |
Toepfer37 | RA (n = 17) | NR | N = 37 | NR | Volume | 1 year: change in erosion volume correlated significantly with change in BMD | NR | |
Toepfer40 | RA (n = 18) | NR | N = 32 | NR | Volume | NR | NR | |
Finzel41 | RA (n = 26); control (n = 17) | Distinguished from cortical breaks if they are “abnormal” | NR | NR | Width and depth in axial and perpendicular axes | NR | NR | |
Finzel42 | PsA (n = 30); RA (n = 58) | Juxtaarticular break in the cortical shell | PsA 93%, RA 88%; mean 6.3/PsA patient and 6.1/RA patient (MCP2, 3, 4) | RA and PsA: MCP2 and MCP3 > MCP4; RA: radial > ulnar, palmar, dorsal; PsA: palmar and phalangeal base affected > RA | Width, depth, semiquantitative score | NR | U-shaped RA 86%, PsA 39%; omega-shaped PsA 68%; T-shaped PsA 36%, RA 5% | |
Finzel43 | RA (n = 25); PsA (n = 25) EHOA (n = 25) | NR | No. bone erosions similar in RA, PsA, and EHOA | EHOA: Ulnar and radial MCH > PB | RA erosion size > PsA and EHOA (not specified) | NR | NR | Cystic bone lesions |
Finzel44 | RA (n = 14); PsA (n = 6); control (n = 6) | Juxtaarticular break in the cortical shell | NR | Radial MCP2 most commonly affected; MCP2, 3 > MCP4 | Severity (not specified) | NR | NR | |
Finzel45 | RA (n = 51) | Juxtaarticular break in the cortical shell | N = 72 TNFi group, N = 55 MTX group | NR | Width, depth | 1 year: mean depth significantly decreased with TNFi; mean width and depth significantly increased with MTX | NR | Osteosclerosis and lesion depth determined in relation to change in erosion size |
Fouque-Aubert46 | RA (n = 93); control (n = 43) | Sharply marginated bone lesions with juxtaarticular localization with a cortical break seen in at least 2 adjacent slices | MCP2 27%, MCP3 23% | NR | Volume | NR | NR | |
Stach48 | RA (n = 58); control (n = 30) | Juxtaarticular break in the cortical shell | RA 84%, controls 37% | RA: radial > ulnar, palmar, dorsal; MCP2,3 > MCP4; MCH > PB | Width, depth | NR | NR | |
Stach49 | RA (n = 60); control (n = 30) | NR | RA frequent discontinuities of the cortical surface, virtually absent in healthy subjects. | NR | Size (not specified) | NR | NR |
↵* SPECTRA Collaboration: Presence of a cortical break extending over at least 2 slices and seen in 2 orthogonal views. The break must be nonlinear in shape to differentiate from vascular channels penetrating the cortical surface and have underlying trabecular bone loss. Frequency: n = refers to no. erosions unless specified as % of subjects or mean no. erosions per subject or surface. NR: not reported; SDC: smallest detectable change; MCH metacarpal head; PB: phalangeal base; MCP: metacarpophalangeal joint; PIP: proximal interphalangeal joint; TCZ: tocilizumab; MTX: methotrexate; TNFi: tumor necrosis factor inhibitors; PsA: psoriatic arthritis; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; EHOA: erosive hand osteoarthritis; BMD: bone mineral density; EIA: early inflammatory arthritis; ACPA: anti-citrullinated protein antibodies; PsO: psoriasis; RF: rheumatoid factor; HR-pQCT: high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography.