Table 2.

Studies identifying SLE-related risk factors with an independent predictive ability for CVE or surrogate atherosclerosis measures. For each endpoint, the respective HR range is shown. Values shown for atherosclerosis variables indicate reference numbers.

Variable	FMD HR	PWV	HR	CP, IMT	HR	CAC	HR	SPECT	HR	CVE	HR
Disease activity		86, 88		52		84	12.3			16, 17, 23, 26–28, 32	1.05–1.2
Cumulative damage	89			41, 49, 52, 65, 66	1.7	83	1.2			16, 22, 29	1.3–4.1
Disease duration	97	90		45, 53, 59, 60, 64–67	1.7–3.2	83–85	1.2–15.1			23, 31	1.1–1.45
aCL				38	5.2	81		81	4.1	16, 17, 21, 22, 31	3.1–5.8
Anti-β2GPI						81				21, 22	3.4
LA				38	5.2	81	4.4			27	1.74
Anti-oxPAPC				46	1.06
Anti-dsDNA						77^*				27	1.56
hsCRP	95	90		40, 51, 53, 62, 66	3	74, 76, 82	1.65–4.15			22, 29, 31	1.6–3.4
C3		62		60		78
TWEAK				55	29
IL-6						68	1.07
VEGF				43		82
TNF-α						82
VCAM-1						82
ICAM-1						74, 82
E-selectin						82
TGF-β1				109
Type I IFN	73			73		73
Leptin				55, 56
Uric acid						72
Renal disease		62	7.5	50, 61		78, 85	16.4			19, 27, 36, 37	1.2–6.8
Proteinuria				50, 63, 64						36, 37	2.4
Neuropsychiatric SLE										16, 18, 24, 33	2.2–5.2
Leukopenia		62

↵* Noncalcified coronary plaques. SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; CVE: cardiovascular events; FMD: flow-mediated dilatation; PWV: pulse wave velocity; CP: carotid plaque; IMT: intima-media thickness; CAC: coronary artery calcification; SPECT: single photon emission computed tomography; CA: coronary angiography; aCL: anticardiolipin antibodies; anti-β2GPI: anti-β2 glycoprotein I; LA: lupus anticoagulant; anti-oxPAPC: antioxidised palmitoyl arachinodoyl phosphocholine; hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; C3: complement factor 3; TWEAK: tumor necrosis factor-related weak inducer of apoptosis; IL-6: interleukin 6; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor-β1; IFN: interferon.