Table 5.

Metric properties of instruments measuring pain, physical function or patient global assessment – validity.^* Correlations between different instruments as observed in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are shown.

Instruments	Studies	Correlation with:
Cross-sectional studies
Questionnaires
AIMS-2	MacIntyre and Wessel³²	Dexterity small/large objects: r range per item 0.23–0.40/0.14–0.31^# Grip strength: r range per item −0.23 to −0.37^#
	Moe, et al³⁴	AIMS-2 physical/arm/hand: AUSCAN function: r 0.83/0.70/0.77^† FIHOA: r 0.80/0.71/0.69^†
	Stamm, et al⁴¹	JTHFT: r 0.67^‡
AUSCAN function	Allen, et al²⁴	Grip strength right, left: r −0.42, −0.40^† Pinch strength right, left: r −0.23, −0.16^†
	Bellamy, et al²⁵	Likert, VAS: Global function, 0–4: r 0.72, 0.74^ FIHOA, original: r 0.78, 0.86^ HAQ: r 0.65, 0.68^ Grip strength: r −0.39, −0.45^ Pinch grip: r −0.31, −0.36^**
	Dziedzic, et al²⁷	GAT: r 0.54^ Grip strength: r −0.56^ Pinch strength: r −0.60^**
	Fernandes, et al²⁸	MAP-hand: r 0.76^#
	Moe, et al³⁴	AIMS-2 physical: r 0.83, arm: r 0.70, hand: r 0.77^† FIHOA: r 0.88^† HAQ: r 0.80^† Grip strength: r −0.62^† MPUT right, left: r 0.58, 0.63^†
	Sautner, et al⁴⁰	VAS global: r 0.55^‡
	Stamm, et al⁴¹	JTHFT: r 0.386^‡
	Wittoek, et al⁴³	FIHOA: r 0.81^†
AUSCAN pain	Allen, et al²⁴	Pain severity right, left: r 0.58, 0.55^†
	Bellamy, et al²⁵	Likert, VAS: Global pain, 0–4: r 0.57, 0.64^ HAQ pain: r 0.57, 0.66^ Doyle: r 0.56, 0.47^**
	Bijsterbosch, et al¹⁹	Doyle hand, total: r 0.65, 0.61^†
	Moe, et al³⁴	VAS pain: r 0.77^†
	Wittoek, et al⁴³	VAS pain: r 0.79^†
Cochin scale	Poiraudeau, et al³⁶	FIHOA: r 0.87^# Revel functional index: r 0.86 VAS handicap: r 0.67
	Poole, et al³⁷	FIHOA: r 0.89^ MHQ: r −0.82^ AHFT: r range per item −0.64 to 0.57^ HFI: r 0.55, HAMIS: r 0.49^
	Stamm, et al⁴¹	JTHFT: r 0.369^**
FIHOA	Bellamy, et al²⁵	Original/Likert/VAS: AUSCAN function (Likert, VAS): r 0.78, 0.86/0.80, 0.85/0.80, 0.88^**
	Moe, et al³⁴	AIMS-2 physical/arm/hand: r 0.80/0.71/0.69^† AUSCAN function: r 0.88^† HAQ: r 0.73^† Grip strength: r −0.5^† MPUT right/left: r 0.55/0.59^†
	Poiraudeau, et al³⁶	Cochin scale: r 0.87^#
	Poole, et al³⁷	Cochin: r 0.89^ MHQ: r −0.86^ AHFT: r range per item −0.57 to 0.46^ HFI: r 0.53, HAMIS: r 0.50^
	Stamm, et al⁴¹	JTHFT: r 0.387^‡
	Wittoek, et al⁴³	AUSCAN function: r 0.81^†
HAQ	Bellamy, et al²⁵	AUSCAN function (Likert, VAS): r 0.65, 0.68^**
	Fernandes, et al²⁸	Modified HAQ with MAP-hand: r 0.46^#
	Moe, et al³⁴	AUSCAN function: r 0.80^† FIHOA: r 0.73^†
	Stamm, et al⁴¹	JTHFT: r 0.424^‡
SACRAH	Rintelen, et al³⁸	Short-form SACRAH with modified SACRAH: r 0.699^†
	Sautner, et al³⁹	Modified SACRAH: SACRAH: r 0.978 (range subscales 0.912–0.958)^‡ VAS global: r 0.64^‡
	Sautner, et al⁴⁰	Modified SACRAH function/total with VAS global: r 0.55/0.65^‡
	Stamm, et al⁴¹	SACRAH/M-SACRAH: JTHFT: r 0.436 (range per scale 0.371–0.437)/0.388^‡
VAS global	Sautner, et al³⁹	Modified SACRAH: r 0.64^‡
VAS global	Sautner, et al⁴⁰	Function AUSCAN/modified SACRAH: r 0.55/0.55^‡ Pain AUSCAN/modified SACRAH: r 0.59/0.56^‡ Total modified SACRAH: r 0.65^‡
VAS pain	Moe, et al³⁴	AUSCAN pain: r 0.77^†
VAS pain	Wittoek, et al⁴³	AUSCAN pain: r 0.79^†
Performance- or assessor-based instruments
AHFT	Backman and Mackie¹⁸	OMFAQ instrumental ADL scale: range per item r −0.75 to 0.75^† OMFAQ physical ADL scale: range per item r −0.67 to 0.68^†
AHFT	Poole, et al³⁷	Cochin scale: r range per item −0.64 to 0.57^ FIHOA: r range per item −0.57 to 0.46^ MHQ: r range per item −0.48 to 0.65^**
Dexterity	MacIntyre and Wessel³²	Large/small objects: AIMS-2: r range per item 0.14–0.31/0.23–0.40^#
Dexterity	MacIntyre, et al³³	Large/small objects: Grip strength: r −0.32 (range digits −0.25 to −0.30)/ −0.28 (−0.10 to −0.41)^# Pinch (tripod, narrow, wide key): r −0.37, −0.30, −0.34/−0.34, −0.25, −0.25^#
GAT	Dziedzic, et al²⁷	AUSCAN function: r 0.54^**
GAT	Fernandes, et al²⁸	MAP-hand: r 0.43^#
Grip strength	Allen, et al²⁴	AUSCAN function (right, left): r −0.42, −0.40^†
	Bellamy, et al²⁵	AUSCAN function (Likert, VAS): r −0.39, −0.45^**
	Dziedzic, et al²⁷	AUSCAN function: r −0.56^**
	Fernandes, et al²⁸	MAP-hand: r −0.32^#
	MacIntyre and Wessel³²	AIMS-2: r range per item −0.23 to −0.37^#
	MacIntyre, et al³³	PRWHE activities: r −0.23^# Dexterity large: r −0.32, small: −0.28^# Pinch strength (range per test): r 0.76–0.78^#
	Moe, et al³⁴	AUSCAN function: r −0.62^† FIHOA: r −0.50^†
	Stamm, et al⁴¹	JTHFT: r −0.395^‡
MPUT	Moe, et al³⁴	AUSCAN function (right, left): r 0.58, 0.63^† FIHOA (right, left): r 0.55, 0.59^†
MPUT	Stamm, et al⁴¹	JTHFT: r 0.690^‡
Pinch strength	Allen, et al²⁴	AUSCAN function (right, left): r −0.23, −0.16^†
	Bellamy, et al²⁵	AUSCAN function (Likert, VAS): r −0.31, −0.36^**
	Dziedzic, et al²⁷	AUSCAN function: r −0.60^**
	MacIntyre, et al³³	PRWHE activities (range per test): r −0.22 to −0.26^# Dexterity (range per test) large: r −0.30 to −0.37, small: r −0.25 to −0.34^# Grip strength (range per test): r 0.75–0.96^#
Tenderness/pain on palpation	Bellamy, et al²⁵	Doyle with AUSCAN (Likert, VAS) pain: r 0.56, 0.47^**
Tenderness/pain on palpation	Bijsterbosch, et al¹⁹	Doyle hand/total with AUSCAN pain: r 0.65/0.61^†
Longitudinal studies
Questionnaires
AUSCAN total	Allen, et al²³	Association global assessment of change (right, left) with AUSCAN total: β 0.29, 0.27 (p < 0.001). Stronger among greater radiographic OA severity.
AUSCAN function	Fernandes, et al²⁸	Change MAP-hand: r 0.52^#
AUSCAN pain	Barthel, et al⁴⁶	Change VAS pain: r 0.81^†
VAS global	Barthel, et al⁴⁶	Change AUSCAN function: r 0.71^†, pain: r 0.75^† Change VAS pain: r 0.76^†
VAS pain	Barthel, et al⁴⁶	Change AUSCAN pain: r 0.81^†
Performance- or assessor-based instruments
GAT	Fernandes, et al²⁸	Change MAP-hand: r 0.06^#
Grip strength	Allen, et al²³	Global assessment of change (right, left): β −0.16, −0.13 (p 0.003, 0.015). Stronger associations among greater radiographic OA severity.
Grip strength	Fernandes, et al²⁸	Change MAP-hand: r −0.05^#
Pinch strength	Allen, et al²³	Global assessment of change (right, left): β −0.13, −0.11 (p 0.022, 0.060). Stronger associations among greater radiographic OA severity.

↵* Only instruments assessed in ≥ 2 studies were included in this table.
↵# No p values provided.
↵** p value < 0.05.
↵† p value < 0.001.
↵‡ p value < 0.0001. AIMS-2: Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale-2; OA: osteoarthritis; AUSCAN: Australian/Canadian Hand OA Index; FIHOA: Functional Index for Hand OA; HAQ: Health Assessment Questionnaire; SACRAH: Score for Assessment and Quantification of Chronic Rheumatoid Affections of the Hands; VAS: visual analog scale; AHFT: Arthritis Hand Function Test; GAT: grip ability test; MPUT: Moberg Pick-Up Test; JTHFT: Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test; MAP-hand: Measure of Activity Performance; MHQ: Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire; HFI: hand functional index; OMFAQ: Older Americans’ Resources and Services Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire; PRWHE: Patient-Rated Wrist/Hand Evaluation; HAMIS: Hand Mobility in Scleroderma Test.