Table 2.

Multivariate logistic regression models predicting the probability of current bDMARD use, TNFi use, sDMARD use only, NSAID use, and corticosteroid use (steroids). Variables included in the model are the cMMI, age, disease duration, number of previous DMARD, disease activity, education level, and region. For bDMARD and TNFi, the OR is decreasing with increasing value of the cMMI. Values are OR (95% CI).

Adjusted Model	bDMARD	TNFi	sDMARD	NSAID	Steroids
cMMI	0.89 (0.83–0.96)^*	0.91 (0.84–0.99)^*	1.13 (1.05–1.22)^*	1.06 (0.99–1.14)	1.05 (0.98–1.13)
Age, yrs	0.99 (0.98–1.00)^*	0.99 (0.98–1.00)^*	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.98 (0.97–0.99)^*	1.00 (0.99–1.01)
Disease duration, yrs	1.02 (1.00–1.03)^*	1.03 (1.01–1.04)^*	0.99 (0.98–1.00)	1.01 (1.00–1.02)^*	1.00 (0.99–1.01)
No. previous DMARD	1.27 (1.18–1.37)^*	0.94 (0.87–1.02)	0.71 (0.65–0.77)^*	1.05 (0.98–1.13)	1.21 (1.12–1.30)^*
CDAI	0.98 (0.97–0.99)^*	0.96 (0.95–0.97)^*	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1.03 (1.02–1.04)^*	1.04 (1.03–1.06)^*
Education level, university	1.32 (1.02–1.72)^*	1.22 (0.91–1.62)	0.64 (0.50–0.84)^*	0.97 (0.76–1.24)	1.15 (0.90–1.47)
Europe, reference	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
USA	2.25 (1.47–3.46)^*	2.02 (1.33–3.06)^*	0.32 (0.19–0.52)^*	1.06 (0.71–1.57)	0.43 (0.28–0.65)^*
Asia	0.26 (0.20–0.35)^*	0.42 (0.31–0.58)^*	4.00 (3.04–5.25)^*	4.48 (3.4–5.91)^*	2.56 (1.96–3.35)^*
Latin America	1.00 (0.68–1.47)	1.09 (0.72–1.64)	1.18 (0.80–1.75)	1.90 (1.28–2.80)^*	1.00 (0.68–1.47)
North Africa	0.11 (0.07–0.17)^*	0.05 (0.02–0.13)^*	4.41 (3.05–6.36)^*	0.62 (0.44–0.87)^*	2.00 (1.40–2.87)^*

↵* p < 0.05. DMARD: disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; bDMARD: biological DMARD; TNFi: tumor necrosis factor inhibitors; sDMARD: synthetic DMARD; NSAID: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; cMMI: counted multimorbidity index; CDAI: Clinical Disease Activity Index; REF: reference.