Markers of vascular pathology and traditional cardiovascular risk factors in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and controls.
| AS EMM (SE) | Controls EMM (SE) | Mean Difference (95% CI) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Markers of vascular pathology | ||||
| ADMA, µmol/la | 0.54 (0.01) | 0.49 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.03, 0.07) | < 0.001 |
| Ratio L-arginine/ADMAa | 107 (2) | 117 (3) | −10 (−16, −4) | 0.001 |
| AIx, %b | 19.4 (0.7) | 16.9 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.8, 4.3) | 0.01 |
| PWV, m/sc | 7.49 (0.12) | 7.55 (0.12) | −0.06 (−0.35, 0.24) | 0.71 |
| Traditional CVD risk factors | ||||
| TC, mmol/ld | 5.07 (0.11) | 5.31 (0.12) | −0.24 (−0.48, −0.01) | 0.04 |
| LDL-C, mmol/ld | 2.85 (0.10) | 3.11 (0.11) | −0.26 (−0.47, −0.05) | 0.02 |
| HDL-C, mmol/ld | 1.53 (0.05) | 1.56 (0.05) | −0.03 (−0.13, 0.07) | 0.54 |
| Ratio TC/HDL-Cd | 3.59 (0.14) | 3.65 (0.14) | −0.06 (−0.35, 0.23) | 0.68 |
| BMI, kg/m2 e | 25.2 (0.3) | 25.5 (0.3) | −0.3 (−1.2, 0.6) | 0.48 |
| Brachial SBP, mmHgf | 126 (2) | 127 (2) | −1 (−5, 3) | 0.68 |
| CVD risk scores | ||||
| InEuropean Heart Score (+0.5)g | 0.63 (0.05) | 0.60 (0.05) | 0.03 (−0.11, 0.17) | 0.68 |
| InFramingham Risk Score (+0.5)h | 1.88 (0.04) | 1.89 (0.04) | −0.01 (−0.13, 0.10) | 0.81 |
| InReynolds Risk Score (+0.5)h | 1.01 (0.05) | 0.96 (0.04) | 0.05 (−0.07, 0.18) | 0.42 |
Linear regression models presented with estimated marginal mean (EMM; SE) and estimated difference (95% CI).
↵a Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, current smoking, creatinine.
↵b Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, current smoking, CMAP, height.
↵c Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, current smoking, CMAP.
↵d Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, current smoking, use of statins.
↵e Adjusted for age, sex, current smoking.
↵f Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, current smoking, use of antihypertensive.
↵g Adjusted for age, sex, and presented with geometric mean; patients with CVD, diabetes, or outside the age range 40–65 years were excluded.
↵h Adjusted for age, sex, and presented with geometric mean; patients with CVD or diabetes were excluded. ADMA: asymmetric dimethylarginine; AIx: augmentation index; BMI: body mass index; CMAP: central mean arterial pressure; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PWV: pulse wave velocity; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol.