Studies | Aims | Participants | Instruments and Procedures | Outcomes, Unit |
---|---|---|---|---|
Moll, et al 197249 | To present and validate a new method for assessing spinal lateral flexion. | 7 patients with AS and 36 controls. | Radiograph and a tape measure. Two marks were inked on the lateral thoraco-lumbar region and the distance between them was measured in neutral position and after lateral flexion. | ROM of lateral flexion measured radiologically (degrees); corresponding distance by tape measure between the 2 marks (cm). |
Moll, et al 197247 | To present and validate a new method for assessing spinal extension. | 6 patients with AS and 18 controls. | Radiographs, plumb-line and tape measure. Two marks were inked on the lateral trunk. The plumb-line was used to verify the horizontal distance between the marks after spinal extension. | ROM of thoraco-lumbar extension measured radiologically (degrees); corresponding distance between the 2 marks (cm). |
Miller, et al 198417 | To compare spinal mobility in the sagittal plane between the 10-cm segment method and 3 established methods. | 3 male patients with AS and 1 control. | Tape measure and goniometer. Four tests were performed: 10-cm segment method, finger-to-floor distance, modified Schober test, and goniometry. | 10-cm segment test, modified Schober test, and finger-floor test (cm), and ROM of spinal flexion by goniometry (degrees). |
Stokes, et al 198846 | To compare the reliability and validity of a portable spinal mobility scale against a flexible measuring tape to measure upper and lower spinal mobility. | 5 patients with AS. | Tape measure and portable spinal mobility scale. Finger-to-floor and occiput-to-wall test measures with both instruments were performed. | Finger-to-floor distance (cm); occiput-to-wall distance (cm). |
Viitanen, et al 199818 | Compare cervical ROM between 2 new tape measures (lateral flexion and rotation) with measures from Myrin inclinometer technique. | 52 male patients with AS. | Tape measure and inclinometer. Nine measures: occiput-to-wall and tragus-to-wall distance, lateral flexion (tape and inclinometer), rotation (tape and inclinometer), chin-to-chest distance, flexion, and extension (inclinometer). | Occiput-to-wall and tragus-to-wall distance (mm); cervical lateral flexion, and cervical rotation (both in mm and degrees); chin-to-chest distance (mm); cervical flexion and cervical extension (degrees). |
Viitanen, et al 199919 | To verify the reliability and validity of a tape measure method for measuring thoraco-lumbar rotation. | 52 male patients with AS. | Tape measure. Four tests: Pavelka thoraco-lumbar rotation, thoraco-lumbar rotation (needle method), modified Schober test, thoraco-lumbar flexion. | Pavelka thoraco-lumbar rotation (cm); thoraco-lumbar rotation (degrees); modified Schober test (cm); thoraco-lumbar flexion (cm). |
Rahali-Khachlouf, et al 200120 | To assess validity and reliability of clinical measures of spinal mobility and sagittal curvatures. | 21 male and 1 female patients with AS. | Radiograph and tape measure. Schober and modified Schober test with extra marks for thoraco-lumbar and dorsal mobility. Radiograph (lumbo-pelvic and thoraco-lumbar). | Original and modified Schober (cm); Schober + 10, + 20, and + 30 (cm); finger-to-floor distance (cm); maximum lumbar flexion (degrees) maximum thoraco-lumbar flexion, dorsal, and global flexion (degrees). |
Jordan, et al 200448 | To assess validity of cervical range of motion by comparing the Fastrak measurements to tape measures. | 45 male and 5 female patients with AS. | Kinematics and tape measure. Kinematic: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation; 3 tape measures: modified Schober, finger-to-floor distance, and cervical rotation. | Nine cervical ROM (degrees); modified Schober (cm); finger-to-floor distance (cm); cervical spine rotation (cm). |
Maksymowych, et al 200621 | To compare a tape-based tool for measuring cervical mobility with goniometer-based approach. | 191 males and 72 females with AS. | Tape measure and goniometer. Cervical rotation was assessed with both instruments. | Cervical rotation (cm and degrees). |
Rezvani, et al 201212 | To determine the extent the metric measurement methods reflect the lumbar ROM during flexion in patients with AS. | 41 male and 9 female patients with AS, and 17 controls. | Radiograph and tape measure. Three tests: original, modified, and modified-modified Schober. Radiograph during neutral and maximal flexion position. | Original, modified, and modified-modified Schober (cm); lumbar erect position (degrees); lumbar flexion position (degrees). |
AS: ankylosing spondylitis; ROM: range of motion.