Table 1.

Leptin concentrations (ng/ml) and the relationships with carotid artery plaque (per 1 SD increment) in all RA patients and subgroups. Univariate comparisons of leptin concentrations between subgroups were made using the Mann-Whitney U test and univariate associations of leptin concentrations with plaque in logistic regression models. Major risk factors comprised hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, and diabetes².

Groups	Number	Concentrations			Relationships with Plaque
		Concentrations			Crude		Independent
		Median (IQR)	p	p^*	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p^†
All	217	10.2 (5.5–18.5)	—	—	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.4	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.3
Population
Black	112	12.4 (6.3–21.4)			1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.4	1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.5
White	105	8.4 (4.9–14.3)	0.001	0.2	0.96 (0.65–1.43)	0.8	1.00 (0.67–1.50)	1
Age ≥ 50 yrs
Yes	169	10.1 (5.5–18.4)			1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.5	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.4
No	48	10.8 (5.2–20.0)	0.9	0.3	1.05 (0.86–1.28)	0.6	1.03 (0.88–1.21)	0.7
Age > 55 yrs
Yes	127	9.5 (5.5–17.8)			1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.9	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1
No	90	11.6 (5.5–21.2)	0.4	0.1	1.01 (0.99–1.03)	0.4	1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.5
≥ 1 major risk factor
Yes	151	11.2 (5.7–20.9)			1.53 (0.82–2.84)	0.2	2.75 (1.19–6.37)	0.01
No	58	9.0 (3.8–15.3)	0.03	0.5	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.6
Missing	8
Obesity
Yes	64	18.2 (9.5–27.6)			0.99 (0.98–1.01)	0.5	1.00 (0.98–1.01)	0.7
No	147	7.5 (4.6–13.3)	< 0.0001	0.9	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.09	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.1
Missing	6
MetS waist
Yes	100	15.0 (8.2–23.3)			0.99 (0.98–1.01)	0.6	1.00 (0.98–1.01)	0.5
No	114	6.9 (4.3–12.4)	< 0.0001	0.7	1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.09	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.1
Missing	3
RA duration > 10 yrs
Yes	116	9.8 (4.9–17.8)			1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.2	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.2
No	100	10.6 (5.9–20.4)	0.3	0.8	1.00 (0.98–1.01)	0.9	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1
Missing	1
CDAI > 10
Yes	92	9.4 (5.4–18.3)			1.00 (0.99–1.02)	0.7	1.00 (0.98–1.02)	1
No	124	10.3 (5.2–21.2)	0.3	0.8	1.00 (0.99–1.02)	0.4	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.3
Missing	1
ESR > 12 mm/h
Yes	106	10.03 (5.9–19.3)			1.05 (0.96–1.13)	0.3	1.05 (0.96–1.14)	0.3
No	105	9.2 (5.2–18.0)	0.4	0.09	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.8	1.00 (1.00–1.01)	0.8
Missing	6
Deformed joints
Yes	165	10.0 (5.4–17.9)			1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.7	1.00 (0.99–1.02)	0.7
No	51	11.9 (5.5–22.4)	0.3	0.06	1.00 (0.99–1.02)	0.6	1.01 (0.99–1.03)	0.4
Missing	1
RF-positive
Yes	168	9.5 (5.4–18.5)			1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.1	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.2
No	48	12.7 (6.7–19.4)	0.3	0.9	1.00 (0.98–1.01)	0.5	1.00 (0.98–1.01)	0.8
Missing	1

↵* p value for associations in age at disease onset, sex, race (except for in models by population grouping), body mass index, glomerular filtration rate, and cardiovascular drug use adjusted linear regression models.
↵† p value for associations in Framingham score, race, glomerular filtration rate, body mass index, and C-reactive protein adjusted logistic regression models. Significant associations are shown in bold face. RA: rheumatoid arthritis; IQR: interquartile range; MetS: metabolic syndrome; CDAI: Clinical Disease Activity Index; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; RF: rheumatoid factor.