Table 1.

Demographic and baseline clinical data. Data shown are expressed as mean ± SD. Data are compared by chi-square test or 1-way ANOVA.

Characteristics	Active Renal Disease	Active But No Renal Disease	Renal Disease in Remission	Neither Active Nor Renal Disease	Controls
No. patients	27	30	25	30	20
Sex, female:male	23:4	26:4	21:4	27:3	15:5
Age, yrs	37.2 ± 7.6	36.8 ± 8.2	37.8 ± 9.5	38.2 ± 6.5	36.4 ± 8.2
Serum albumin, g/dl	21.0 ± 5.7^**	37.3 ± 6.7	38.2 ± 7.2	36.8 ± 5.9	40.2 ± 8.2
Serum creatinine, μmol/l	85.5 ± 27.2	87.2 ± 23.4	91.3 ± 30.2	86.4 ± 28.5	90.3 ± 32.6
Estimated GFR, ml/min	97.8 ± 22	103 ± 33.5	93.7 ± 26.1	93.0 ± 22.6	95.1 ± 21.5
Proteinuria, g/day	2.80 ± 1.60^**	0 ± 0	0.52 ± 0.33	0 ± 0	0 ± 0
Anti-dsDNA titer	432.1 ± 310.6^**	173.9 ± 102.1^#	187.4 ± 192.1^$	43.2 ± 32.7	0
C3 g/l	0.57 ± 0.47	0.70 ± 0.51	0.62 ± 0.47	0.87 ± 0.37	1.42 ± 0.41^❖
C4 g/l	0.14 ± 0.11	0.13 ± 0.10	0.13 ± 0.09	0.16 ± 0.12	0.19 ± 0.10
SLEDAI score	13.1 ± 4.2^*	10 ± 2.7^##	2.05 ± 1.0	0 ± 0
Renal activity score	7.4 ± 3.7^**	0 ± 0	0 ± 0	0 ± 0

↵** p < 0.0001 for Active Renal Disease vs Active But No Renal Disease, Renal Disease in Remission, Neither Active Nor Renal Disease, and controls;
↵* p < 0.0001 for Active Renal Disease vs Renal Disease in Remission, Neither Active Nor Renal Disease, and controls;
↵## p < 0.0001 for Active But No Renal Disease vs Renal Disease in Remission, Neither Active Nor Renal Disease, and controls;
↵# p < 0.0001 for Active But No Renal Disease versus Neither Active Nor Renal Disease and controls;
↵$ p < 0.0001 for Renal Disease in Remission vs Neither Active Nor Renal Disease and controls,
↵❖ p < 0.001 for controls versus Active Renal Disease, Active But No Renal Disease, Renal Disease in Remission, Neither Active Nor Renal Disease. GFR: glomerular filtration rate; Active Renal Disease: patients with active SLE and renal involvement; Active But No Renal Disease: patients with active SLE but no renal involvement; Renal Disease in Remission: patients with history of lupus nephritis in remission; Neither Active Nor Renal Disease: patients without systemic disease activity and with no history of renal disease; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; C3: complement factor 3; SLEDAI: SLE Disease Activity Index.