Variables | With Tophi, n = 40, mean (SD) | Without Tophi, n = 47, mean (SD) | Healthy Controls, n = 64, mean (SD) | Middle-age-onset Gout with Tophi, n = 353, mean (SD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p1 | p2 | p3 | p4 | |||||
Age at first visit, yrs | 28.8 (5.3) | 27.0 (5.1) | 0.116 | 28.2 (3.9) | 0.545 | 0.182 | 57.5 (7.5) | < 0.0001 |
Age at gout onset, yrs | 15.7 (2.3) | 16.8 (1.8) | 0.013 | — | 41.6 (8.2) | < 0.0001 | ||
Age at tophi onset, yrs | 17.9 (1.6) | — | 49.4 (5.7) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Gout duration, yrs | 13.1 (5.4) | 10.2 (5.3) | 0.014 | — | 15.9 (8.5) | 0.004 | ||
Tophi duration, yrs | 10.8 (5.5) | — | 8.1 (5.8) | 0.005 | ||||
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 31.6 (6.0) | 29.1 (4.6) | 0.034 | 24.0 (3.7) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 26.0 (3.3) | < 0.0001 |
Uric acid, mg/dl | 11.5 (1.8) | 9.5 (1.4) | < 0.0001 | 6.2 (1.1) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 9.5 (1.4) | < 0.0001 |
Cholesterol, mg/dl | 219.0 (56.8) | 198.7 (42.4) | 0.071 | 179.0 (33.3) | < 0.0001 | 0.008 | 209.2 (42.8) | 0.323 |
Triglyceride, mg/dl | 172.1 (105.3) | 157.8 (74.2) | 0.470 | 86.8 (55.0) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 206.2 (138.0) | 0.141 |
HDL, mg/dl | 43.3 (8.5) | 43.3 (10.6) | 0.993 | 49.0 (11.5) | 0.010 | 0.011 | 45.3 (12.3) | 0.349 |
LDL, mg/dl | 136.4 (40.8) | 129.1 (38.6) | 0.411 | 107.8 (27.7) | < 0.0001 | 0.001 | 122.4 (38.7) | 0.034 |
Fasting sugar, mg/dl | 91.5 (12.1) | 93.4 (12.5) | 0.490 | 88.1 (7.0) | 0.124 | 0.016 | 101.1 (23.5) | < 0.0001 |
GOT, mg/dl | 31.3 (12.6) | 32.4 (18.4) | 0.760 | 21.3 (5.2) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 34.0 (22.5) | 0.457 |
GPT, mg/dl | 47.0 (36.2) | 53.1 (39.2) | 0.462 | 26.0 (13.3) | 0.001 | < 0.0001 | 36.5 (25.7) | 0.080 |
Creatinine, mg/dl | 1.05 (0.21) | 0.97 (0.15) | 0.043 | 0.86 (0.12) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 1.30 (0.58) | < 0.0001 |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 84.6 (19.2) | 97.4 (17.1) | 0.003 | 107.7 (19.0) | < 0.0001 | 0.006 | 66.6 (23.0) | < 0.0001 |
Family history, n (%)a | 35 (87.5) | 36 (76.6) | 0.191 | 199 (56.4) | < 0.0001 | |||
Hypertension, n (%)a | 21 (52.5) | 10 (21.3) | 0.002 | 0 (0.0) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | 197 (55.8) | 0.690 |
DM, n (%)a | 1 (2.5) | 1 (2.1) | 0.908 | 0 (0.0) | 0.204 | 0.241 | 54 (15.3) | 0.027 |
↵1 Comparison between early onset patients with and without tophi;
↵2 comparison between early onset patients with tophi and healthy controls;
↵3 comparison between early onset patients without tophi and healthy controls;
↵4 comparison between early onset patients with tophi and middle-aged-onset gout with tophi;
↵a using chi-square test. HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; GOT: glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase; GPT: glutamate pyruvate transaminase; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; DM: diabetes mellitus.