Table 2.

Multiple logistic regression of the risk factors for early-onset juvenile gout patients with or without tophi. Values expressed as odds ratio (95% confidence interval). The reference group is early-onset patients with tophi versus those without tophi. Model 1, adjusted for age of onset; Model 2, adjusted for age of onset and gout duration; Model 3, adjusted for age of onset, gout duration, and body mass index (BMI); Model 4, adjusted for age of onset, gout duration, BMI, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR); Model 5, adjusted for age of onset, gout duration, BMI, eGFR, and hypertension.

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5
	OR	p	OR	p	OR	p	OR	p	OR	p
Serum urate	2.430	< 0.0001	2.811	< 0.0001	2.882	< 0.0001	2.825	< 0.0001	2.880	< 0.0001
Age of onset	0.787	0.082	0.879	0.390	0.871	0.364	0.837	0.269	0.822	0.234
Gout duration			1.207	0.008	1.207	0.008	1.173	0.036	1.156	0.064
BMI					0.980	0.732	0.980	0.737	0.934	0.360
eGFR							0.975	0.200	0.976	0.228
Hypertension									2.577	0.224