Characteristic | CAC Present, n = 59 | CAC Absent, n = 110 | p | AC Present, n = 70 | AC Absent, n = 63 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||||
Age, yrs, mean ± SD | 48.9 ± 9.8 | 39.5 ± 9.2 | < 0.001 | 46.3 ± 9.9 | 36.7 ± 8.0 | < 0.001 |
Postmenopausal, % | 61.0 | 20.0 | < 0.001 | 51.4 | 11.1 | < 0.001 |
Age at menopause, yrs, mean ± SD | 43.9 ± 7.3 | 40.1 ± 8.8 | 0.178 | 42.7 ± 8.4 | 37.6 ± 6.9 | 0.112 |
Race/ethnicity, % | 0.488 | 0.641 | ||||
White | 64.4 | 60.9 | 57.1 | 65.1 | ||
Black | 28.8 | 26.4 | 28.6 | 23.8 | ||
Other | 6.8 | 12.7 | 14.3 | 11.1 | ||
Measured and clinical risk factors | ||||||
α-ClFA, fmol/25 µl, mean ± SD | 43.4 ± 38.0 | 41.4 ± 37.7 | 0.625 | 40.9 ± 26.2 | 38.0 ± 18.0 | 0.935 |
Hypertension, %b | 49.2 | 26.4 | 0.003 | 48.6 | 20.6 | 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia, %c | 93.2 | 57.3 | < 0.001 | 80.0 | 55.6 | 0.002 |
Total cholesterol, mean ± SD (mg/dl) | 200.8 ± 37.9 | 179.4 ± 37.8 | < 0.001 | 194.4 ± 39.0 | 170.1 ± 32.4 | < 0.001 |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dl, mean ± SD | 121.5 ± 31.6 | 99.1 ± 29.8 | < 0.001 | 113.6 ± 33.2 | 95.3 ± 26.4 | < 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dl, mean ± SD | 52.0 ± 14.8 | 57.6 ± 14.9 | 0.022 | 54.9 ± 16.5 | 55.3 ± 14.9 | 0.882 |
Triglyceride, mg/dl, mean ± SD | 136.6 ± 85.0 | 113.9 ± 57.7 | 0.110 | 129.8 ± 77.4 | 98.4 ± 48.9 | 0.003 |
Diabetes mellitus, %d | 6.8 | 0.9 | 0.051 | 4.3 | 0.0 | 0.246 |
Waist circumference, cm, mean ± SD | 97.1 ± 17.9 | 80.5 ± 11.1 | < 0.001 | 91.8 ± 16.9 | 78.7 ± 10.0 | < 0.001 |
Tobacco use (current), % | 8.5 | 12.7 | 0.404 | 15.7 | 7.9 | 0.169 |
Tobacco use, (history of) % | 42.4 | 39.1 | 0.678 | 47.1 | 31.7 | 0.070 |
C-reactive protein, µg/ml, mean ± SD | 6.6 ± 13.7 | 3.2 ± 8.9 | < 0.001 | 5.8 ± 12.5 | 3.7 ± 11.5 | < 0.001 |
Homocysteine, µmoles/l, mean ± SD | 12.0 ± 3.8 | 11.4 ± 6.6 | 0.019 | 12.1 ± 6.3 | 11.1 ± 6.4 | 0.114 |
Fibrinogen, mg/dl, mean ± SD | 359.5 ±100.6 | 312.1 ± 100.9 | 0.004 | 353.3 ± 104.5 | 301.4 ± 109.7 | 0.002 |
Serum albumin, g/dl, mean ± SD | 4.0 ± 0.3 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 0.855 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 0.705 |
Anticardiolipin IgM-positive, % | 17.2 | 19.1 | 0.769 | 15.7 | 25.4 | 0.166 |
Anticardiolipin IgG-positive, % | 8.6 | 11.9 | 0.512 | 11.4 | 11.1 | 0.954 |
SLE-related factors | ||||||
C4, mg/dl, mean ± SD | 22.0 ± 8.8 | 18.1 ± 8.8 | 0.163 | 20.8 ± 8.5 | 17.0 ± 9.7 | 0.004 |
C3, mg/dl, mean ± SD | 110.0 ± 27.5 | 89.8 ± 24.7 | < 0.001 | 105.2 ± 28.6 | 84.7 ± 23.9 | < 0.001 |
Positive anti-dsDNA, %e | 40.7 | 51.8 | 0.167 | 50.0 | 55.6 | 0.522 |
SLEDAI-2K score, mean ± SD | 3.7 ± 3.4 | 4.2 ± 3.8 | 0.338 | 4.1 ± 4.0 | 4.5 ± 3.6 | 0.298 |
ACR/SLICC-DI score, mean ± SD | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 1.4 ± 1.9 | 0.002 | 2.2 ± 1.9 | 1.2 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 |
Current medication use | ||||||
Statin, % | 10.2 | 4.5 | 0.195 | 11.4 | 1.6 | 0.035 |
Hydroxychloroquine, % | 71.2 | 72.7 | 0.831 | 74.3 | 77.8 | 0.638 |
Corticosteroid, % | 42.4 | 40.9 | 0.854 | 42.9 | 41.3 | 0.853 |
↵a Present defined as CAC > 0 and AC > 0; absent defined as CAC = 0 and AC = 0.
↵b Defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg, or antihypertensive medication use for hypertension.
↵c Defined as total cholesterol > 200, LDL > 100, HDL < 40, triglyceride > 150, or use of lipid-lowering medication.
↵d Defined as fasting glucose > 126 or diabetes medication use.
↵e Defined as antibody titer ≥ 1:10 by C. luciliae method. AC: aorta calcium; CAC: coronary artery calcium; α-ClFA: alpha-chlorofatty acid; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; CVD: cardiovascular disease; SLEDAI-2K: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000; ACR/SLICC-DI: American College of Rheumatology/Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index.