Table 5.

Relationship between immunologic variables, medication use, and incident episodes of depression in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort.

Subgroup	Incident Episodes of Depression	Person-yrs of Followup	Rate of Events Per 1000 Person-yrs	RR, 95% CI	p
Current low C3
No	196	6471	30.3	1.0 (Ref. group)
Yes	74	1902	38.9	1.3 (1.0, 1.7)	0.066
Ever low C3
No	103	3425	30.1	1.0 (Ref. group)
Yes	179	6062	29.5	1.0 (0.8, 1.3)	0.88
Current low C4
No	221	6896	32.0	1.0 (Ref. group)
Yes	49	1475	33.2	1.0 (0.8, 1.4)	0.82
Ever low C4
No	124	4374	27.4	1.0 (Ref group)
Yes	158	5112	30.9	1.1 (0.9, 1.4)	0.47
Current anti-dsDNA
No	191	6089	31.4	1.0 (Ref. group)
Yes	80	2261	35.4	1.1 (0.9, 1.5)	0.36
Ever anti-dsDNA
No	93	2669	34.8	1.0 (Ref. group)
Yes	189	2261	27.7	0.8 (0.6, 1.0)	0.071
Anti-Sm
No	221	7704	28.7	1.0 (Ref. group)
Yes	57	1699	33.6	1.2 (0.9, 1.6)	0.29
Anti-RNP
No	201	7017	28.6	1.0 (Ref. group)
Yes	77	2387	32.3	1.1 (0.9, 1.5)	0.38
Anti-Ro
No	196	6594	29.7	1 0 (Ref. group)
Yes	81	2800	28.9	1.0 (0.8, 1.3)	0.84
Anti-La
No	240	8227	29.2	1.0 (Ref. group)
Yes	37	1164	31.8	1.1 (0.8, 1.5)	0.63
Anticardiolipin
No	118	3751	31.5	1.0 (Ref. group)
Yes	157	5566	28.2	0.9 (0.7, 1.1)	0.37
Lupus anticoagulant
No	183	6330	28.9	1.0 (Ref. group)
Yes	92	3063	30.0	1.0 (0.8, 1.3)	0.76
Current prednisone dose
None	124	4373	28.4	1.0 (Ref. group)
1–9	66	2282	28.9	1.0 (0.8, 1.4)	0.90
10–19	45	1218	36.9	1.3 (0.9, 1.8)	0.13
20–39	24	374	64.3	2.3 (1.5, 3.5)	0.0002
40+	13	150	86.5	3.1 (1.7, 5.4)	0.0001
Mean prednisone dose last 12 mos¹
None	74	3062	24.2	1.0 (Ref group)
1–9	65	2399	27.1	1. 1 (0. 8, 1.6)	0.50
10–19	37	904	40.9	1.7 (1.1, 2. 5)	0.0089
20+	12	220	54.6	2.5 (1.3, 4.5)	0.0038
Current hydroxychloroquine
No	102	3001	31.4	1.0 (Ref. group)
Yes	170	5415	30.2	0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	0.53
Hydroxychloroquine over last 12 mos¹
None	56	1857	30.2	1.0 (Ref. group)
Some	29	917	31.6	1.0 (0.7, 1.6)	0.84
Always	103	3826	26.9	0.9 (0.6, 1.2)	0.49
Current immunosuppressant use
No	195	5980	32.6	1.0 (Ref. group)
Yes	77	2435	31.6	1.0 (0.7, 1.3)	0.82
Mean immunosuppressant use last 12 mos¹
None	116	4281	27.1	1.0 (Ref. group)
Some	25	732	34.2	1.3 (0.8, 1.9)	0.29

↵1 Unknown and not included in the analysis for followup that occurred within the first year of cohort participation. C3: complement factor 3; C4: complement factor 4; RR: rate ratio.