Comparison of clinical and laboratory features according to autoantibody cluster, n (%).
| Characteristic | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 | Cluster 5 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malar rash | 40 (48.2) | 129 (47.8) | 93 (54.7) | 83 (47.4) | 69 (45.1) | 0.122 |
| Discoid rash | 11 (13.3) | 17 (6.3) | 14 (8.2) | 9 (5.1) | 7 (4.6) | 0.090 |
| Photosensitivity | 51 (61.4) | 157 (58.1) | 100 (58.8) | 99 (56.6) | 82 (53.6) | 0.788 |
| Oral ulcer | 13 (15.7) | 40 (14.8) | 30 (17.6) | 33 (18.9) | 13 (8.5) | 0.092 |
| Arthritis | 52 (62.7) | 200 (74.1) | 128 (75.3) | 118 (67.4) | 111 (72.5) | 0.148 |
| Pericarditis | 7 (8.4) | 37 (13.7) | 25 (14.7) | 30 (17.1) | 19 (12.4) | 0.406 |
| Pleuritis | 9 (10.8) | 47 (17.4) | 30 (17.6) | 37 (21.1) | 30 (19.6) | 0.354 |
| Renal | 37 (44.6) | 146 (54.1) | 57 (33.5) | 78 (44.6) | 40 (26.1)* | < 0.001 |
| Leukopenia | 33 (39.8) | 118 (43.9) | 78 (45.9) | 72 (41.4) | 76 (49.7) | 0.513 |
| Lymphopenia | 51 (61.4) | 172 (63.9) | 105 (61.8) | 105 (60.3) | 93 (60.8) | 0.946 |
| AIHA | 4 (4.8) | 25 (9.3) | 24 (14.1) | 30 (17.2)* | 10 (6.5) | 0.003 |
| Thrombocytopenia | 20 (24.1) | 59 (21.9) | 43 (25.3) | 64 (36.8)* | 28 (18.3) | 0.001 |
| Seizure | 3 (3.6) | 10 (3.7) | 4 (2.4) | 14 (8.0) | 5 (3.3) | 0.080 |
| Psychosis | 2 (2.4) | 8 (3.0) | 5 (2.9) | 15 (8.6)* | 1 (0.7) | 0.002 |
| Raynaud phenomenon | 21 (25.3) | 62 (23.3) | 67 (39.6)* | 37 (21.5) | 39 (25.8) | 0.001 |
| Arterial thrombosis | 3 (3.6) | 16 (5.9) | 10 (5.9) | 43 (24.6)* | 12 (7.8) | < 0.001 |
| Venous thrombosis | 2 (2.4) | 8 (3.0) | 7 (4.1) | 33 (18.9)* | 13 (8.5) | < 0.001 |
| APS | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 19 (11.2) | 82 (47) | 20 (13.1) | < 0.001 |
↵* Significantly different from the other 4 clusters. AIHA: autoimmune hemolytic anemia; APS: antiphospholipid syndrome.