Univariate and multivariate (adjusted simultaneously for variables shown) associations of different clinical variables with the development of insulin resistance in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA; n = 263).
| Variable | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Regression Using Model 1 Definition of Severe PsA (adjusted* OR) | Multivariate Regression Using Model 2 Definition of Severe PsA (adjusted* OR) | Multivariate Regression Using Model 3 Definition of Severe PsA (adjusted* OR) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 1.03 (1.008–1.06), 0.01 | 1.11 (1.04–1.18), 0.001 | ||
| Sex | 1.36 (0.69–2.65), 0.36 | |||
| PsA duration | 0.99 (0.95–1.02), 0.66 | |||
| Smoking pack-yrs/unit pack-yr smoked | 1.02 (1.004–1.05), 0.02 | |||
| BMI | 1.16 (1.09–1.23), < 0.001 | 1.24 (1.09–1.40), 0.001 | 1.22 (1.09–1.36), < 0.001 | 1.22 (1.09–1.37), < 0.001 |
| Low education status | 1.58 (0.75–3.3), 0.22 | |||
| Type II psoriasis | 3.31(1.56–7.03), 0.002 | |||
| PASI max | 1.01 (0.78–1.07), 0.39 | |||
| PsO age of onset | 1.04 (1.02–1.07), < 0.001 | 1.06 (1.02–1.10), 0.001 | 1.07 (1.02–1.11), 0.001 | |
| PsA age of onset | 1.03 (1.00–1.06), 0.01 | |||
| Time from PsO to arthritis development | 0.95 (0.92–0.99), 0.01 | 0.93 (0.86–0.99), 0.037 | ||
| CRP, maximum | 1.008 (0.99–1.01), 0.14 | |||
| Deformed joints | 1.25 (0.60–2.60), 0.53 | |||
| HAQ | 1.62 (0.93–2.82), 0.08 | |||
| EQ-5D | 1.15 (0.96–1.38), 0.11 | |||
| MetS | 8.2 (3.5–19.5), < 0.001 | |||
| Model 1 of severe PsA (defined as PsA requiring TNFi) | 1.89 (0.90–3.97), 0.09 | 9.51 (1.56–58), 0.01 | ||
| Model 2 of severe PsA (defined as the patients with PsA radiographic damage**) | 1.01 (0.51–1.97), 0.97 | |||
| Model 3 of severe PsA (radiographic PsA damage** along with PsA requiring TNFi) | 2.45 (1.24–4.84), 0.009 | 3.49 (1.08–11.2), 0.03 |
Results presented in the order of OR (95% CI) p value.
↵* These variables were included in the full regression model: age, sex, PsA duration, smoking pack-years, BMI, low education status, type II PsO, PsO and PsA age of onset, time from PsO to arthritis development, CRP maximum, deformed joints, HAQ scores, EQ-5D scores, and PASI maximum scores.
↵** Radiographic abnormalities of peripheral joint erosions, osteolysis, and sacroiliitis. PASI: Psoriasis Area and Severity Index; BRAF: Bristol Rheumatoid Arthritis Fatigue Numeric Rating Scale; HAQ: Health Assessment Questionnaire; DLQI: Dermatology Life Quality Index; TNFi: tumor necrosis factor inhibitor; CRP: C-reactive protein; PsO: psoriasis; BMI: body mass index; MetS: metabolic syndrome.