Univariate comparisons of patients with and without coronary events used in lipid models.
| Variable | CAD, n = 21 N (%) or Mean (SD) | No CAD, n = 363 N (%) or Mean (SD) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 19 (90.5%) | 326 (89.8%) | 1.00 |
| Menopauseß at study starta | 9 (47.4%) | 100 (30.7%) | 0.13 |
| Race | |||
| White | 19 (90.5%) | 227 (63.8) | 0.01 |
| Black | 0 | 46 (12.9%) | |
| Asian | 0 | 43 (12.1%) | |
| Other | 2 (9.5%) | 40 (11.2%) | |
| Age, yrs, mean (SD) | |||
| At diagnosis | 38.7 (14.5) | 28.8 (12.4) | 0.0005 |
| At first visit | 42.8 (13.3) | 33.1 (12.1) | 0.0004 |
| At study starta | 52.1 (12.7) | 40.9 (13.5) | 0.0003 |
| Disease duration, yrs, mean (SD) | |||
| At first visit | 4.1 (6.7) | 4.3 (6.1) | 0.92∞ |
| At study starta | 13.4 (9.4) | 12.2 (9.7) | 0.56∞ |
| SLEDAI-2K€, throughout study* median (min, max) | 10 (0, 51) | 4 (0, 51) | < 0.0001∞ |
| Corticosteorids | |||
| At study starta | 16 (76.2%) | 230 (63.4%) | 0.23 |
| Ever during followup | 17 (81.0%) | 257 (70.8%) | 0.32 |
| Antimalarials£ | |||
| At study starta | 13 (61.9%) | 225 (62.0%) | 0.99 |
| Ever during followup | 14 (66.7%) | 270 (74.4%) | 0.43 |
| Immunosuppressives¶ | |||
| At study starta | 12 (57.1%) | 155 (42.7%) | 0.19 |
| Ever during followup | 14 (66.7%) | 205 (56.5%) | 0.36 |
| Hypertension¥ | |||
| At study starta | 17 (81.0%) | 150 (41.3%) | 0.0004 |
| Ever during followup | 19 (90.5%) | 212 (58.4%) | 0.004 |
| Hypercholesterolemia¢ | |||
| At study starta | 18 (85.7%) | 142 (39.1%) | < 0.0001 |
| Ever during followup | 21 (100%) | 226 (62.3%) | 0.0004 |
| Diabetes mellitus§ | |||
| At study starta | 2 (9.5%) | 29 (8.0%) | 0.68 |
| Ever during followup | 2 (9.5%) | 33 (9.1%) | 1.00 |
| Smoker$ | |||
| At study starta | 2 (9.5%) | 44 (12.2%) | 1.00 |
| Ever during followup | 2 (9.5%) | 55 (15.2%) | 0.75 |
| Antihypertensivesϕ | |||
| Ever up to study starta | 19 (90.5%) | 165 (45.6%) | < 0.0001 |
| Ever during followup | 18/19 (94.7%) | 192/212 (90.6%) | 1.00 |
| Lipid-lowering medicationsΨ | |||
| Ever up to study starta | 7 (43.8%) | 51 (15.4%) | 0.009 |
| Ever during followup | 16/21 (76.2%) | 96/226 (42.5%) | 0.003 |
| LDL-C at study starta | 3.51 (1.61) | 2.75 (1.08) | 0.04 |
| Mean of all LDL-C | 3.29 (1.24) | 2.60 (0.85) | 0.02 |
| Mean LDL-C > 2.0 mmol/l | 18 (85.7%) | 317 (87.3%) | 0.83 |
| Mean LDL-C > 2.5 mmol/l | 14 (66.7%) | 169 (46.6%) | 0.07 |
| Mean LDL-C > 3.2 mmol/l | 12 (57.1%) | 119 (32.8%) | 0.02 |
| TAM of all LDL-C | 3.29 (1.21) | 2.60 (0.85) | 0.02 |
| HDL-C at study starta | 1.73 (0.64) | 1.57 (0.49) | 0.16 |
| Mean of all HDL-C | 1.68 (0.51) | 1.62 (0.47) | 0.56 |
| Mean HDL-C < 1 mmol/l | 2 (9.5%) | 39 (10.7%) | 0.86 |
| Mean HDL-C < 2 mmol/l | 14 (66.7%) | 332 (91.5%) | < 0.0001 |
| TAM of all HDL-C | 1.67 (0.49) | 1.62 (0.47) | 0.65 |
| TC:HDL-C at study starta | 4.22 (2.41) | 3.36 (1.13) | 0.12 |
| Mean of all TC:HDL-C | 3.87 (1.69) | 3.19 (0.95) | 0.09 |
| Mean TC:HDL-C > 4 | 9 (42.9%) | 104 (28.7%) | 0.17 |
| Mean TC:HDL-C > 4.5 | 7 (33.3%) | 57 (15.7%) | 0.035 |
| Mean TC:HDL-C > 5 | 5 (23.8%) | 40 (11.0%) | 0.076 |
| TAM of all TC:HDL-C | 3.87 (1.67) | 3.18 (0.97) | 0.08 |
| TG at study starta | 2.10 (1.44) | 1.41 (0.74) | 0.04∞ |
| Mean of all TG | 1.97 (1.09) | 1.33 (0.66) | 0.02 |
| Mean TG > 1.7 mmol/l | 10 (47.6%) | 138 (38.0%) | 0.38 |
| Mean TG > 2.0 mmol/l | 8 (38.1%) | 98 (27.0%) | 0.27 |
| TAM of all TG | 1.95 (1.07) | 1.33 (0.67) | 0.02 |
↵a Study start was the first clinic visit wherein LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG measurements were taken.
↵* All serial measurements in all patients.
↵ß Minimum of 12 months amenorrhea, irrespective of cause.
↵€ Range 0 to 105, with higher scores indicating more active disease.
↵£ Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine.
↵¶ Methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporine, and cyclophosphamide.
↵¥ Diastolic blood pressure (BP) > 90 or systolic BP > 140 mm Hg or treatment with antihypertensive medication.
↵¢ Cholesterol ≥ 5.2 mmol/l or lipid-lowering therapy.
↵§ Fasting plasma glucose > 7.0 mmol/l or diabetes therapy.
↵$ An average of ≥ 1 cigarette/s per day over the past month.
↵ϕ All classes of antihypertensives including diuretics, ß-blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin-type II receptor blockers.
↵Ψ HMG Co-A reductase inhibitors (statins).
↵∞ Nonparametric Mann-Whitney (Wilcoxon rank sum) test used. CAD: coronary artery disease; SLEDAI-2K: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC:HDL-C: total cholesterol high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; TG: triglyceride; TAM: time-adjusted mean.