Factors associated with risk of all-cause mortality in the study patients.
| Univariate Cox Regression | Multivariate Cox Regression, Final Model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Crude HR (95% CI) | p | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | Reference | — | ||
| Male | 1.975 (1.032–3.780) | 0.040 | ||
| Age | ||||
| < 70 yrs | Reference | — | ||
| ≥ 70 yrs | 2.561 (1.302–5.040) | 0.006 | ||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smoker | Reference | — | ||
| Ex/current smoker | 1.501 (0.775–2.907) | 0.229 | ||
| Respiratory comorbidity | ||||
| None | Reference | < 0.001†† | ||
| UIP | 8.013 (3.176–20.216) | < 0.001 | ||
| Pulmonary emphysema | 5.812 (2.091–16.154) | < 0.001 | ||
| Previous pulmonary tuberculosis | 1.960 (0.506–7.602) | 0.330 | ||
| Bronchiolitis | 2.090 (0.441–9.911) | 0.353 | ||
| Others | 3.372 (1.096–10.380) | 0.034 | ||
| Systemic comorbidity | ||||
| None | Reference | — | ||
| Some | 1.192 (0.624–2.279) | 0.595 | ||
| Antirheumatic drugs | ||||
| MTX | Reference | 0.090†† | ||
| Corticosteroid | 3.597 (1.303–9.926) | 0.013 | ||
| TNF antagonists/tocilizumab | 1.383 (0.161–11.859) | 0.767 | ||
| Others | 2.700 (0.965–7.551) | 0.058 | ||
| BMI | ||||
| ≥ 18.5 kg/m2 | Reference | 0.379†† | ||
| < 18.5 kg/m2 | 0.799 (0.399–1.602) | 0.527 | ||
| Unknown | 2.174 (0.488–9.684) | 0.308 | ||
| Hemoglobin | ||||
| ≥ 10.0 g/dl | Reference | — | ||
| < 10.0 g/dl | 0.450 (0.173–1.167) | 0.101 | ||
| Albumin | ||||
| ≥ 3.5 g/dl | Reference | 0.023†† | ||
| < 3.5 g/dl | 0.370 (0.182–0.752) | 0.006 | ||
| Unknown | 0.534 (0.191–1.496) | 0.233 | ||
| ESR | ||||
| < 50 mm/h | Reference | 0.058†† | ||
| ≥ 50 mm/h | 2.570 (1.155–5.719) | 0.021 | ||
| Unknown | 2.877 (0.845–9.798) | 0.091 | ||
| CRP | ||||
| < 1.0 mg/dl | Reference | — | Reference | — |
| ≥ 1.0 mg/dl | 2.686 (1.296–5.565) | 0.008 | 2.348 (1.097–5.024) | 0.028 |
| Radiographic features | ||||
| NB | Reference | < 0.001†† | Reference | [< 0.001]†† |
| FC/FC+NB | 5.235 (2.355–11.638) | < 0.001 | 4.291 (1.903–9.678) | < 0.001 |
| Others | 5.384 (2.131–13.601) | < 0.001 | 5.902 (2.327–14.972) | < 0.001 |
| Initial management | ||||
| Observation or 1 drug | Reference | — | ||
| ≥ 2 drugs | 1.652 (0.827–3.298) | 0.155 | ||
| NTM species | ||||
| MAC | Reference | — | ||
| Others† | 1.614 (0.735–3.545) | 0.233 | ||
↵† Others includes patients with M. kansasii (n = 6), M. gordonae (n = 6), M. abscessus (n = 2), M. szulgai (n = 1), and M. chelonae (n = 1). Factors determined by a multivariate Cox proportional model with backward selection.
↵†† Indicates p value for the variable. UIP: usual interstitial pneumonia; MTX: methotrexate; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; BMI: body mass index; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; NB: nodular/bronchiectatic disease; FC: fibrocavitary disease; NTM: nontuberculous mycobacteria; MAC: Mycobacterium avium complex.