Table 1.

Demographic, clinical, and laboratory features of the Brazilian study populations.

	Northeastern Region				Southeastern Region				Total Patients
Population Features	Patients,		Control,		Patients,		Control,		Total Patients
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Sex
Female	46	92	18	14	134	96	39	26	149	94
Male	4	8	110	86	6	4	108	74	8	6
Age, yrs
Median	39		30		39		32		36
Minimum	23		18		17		19		17
Maximum	58		60		66		52		66
Skin color
White	25	50	32	25	109	78	116	79	113	72
Nonwhite	25	50	—	—	—	—	—	—	44	28
Mulatto	—	—	88	69	19	14	17	12	—	—
Black	—	—	8	6	12	9	13	9	—	—
Asian ancestry	—	—	—	—	—	—	1	< 1	—	—
Clinical and laboratory features
Malar rash									67	43
Discoid rash									57	36
Photosensitivity									76	48
Oral/nasopharyngeal ulcers									19	12
Nonerosive arthritis									89	57
Pericarditis/pleurisy									33	21
Renal involvement¹									71	45
Convulsion/psychosis									27	17
Hematological alterations²									112	71
Immunological alterations³									102	65
Positive ANA, in the absence of drug inductors									147	94
Total⁴	50	100	128	100	140	100	147	100	157	100

↵1 Proteinuria > 0.5 g or cell cylinders;
↵2 hemolytic anemia with reticulocytosis and/or leukopenia < 4000 and/or lymphopenia < 1500 and/or thrombocytopenia < 100,000 twice or more;
↵3 anti-DNA and/or anti-Sm and/or antiphospholipid antibodies (anticardiolipin, lupus anticoagulant, or false Venereal Disease Research Laboratory serology);
↵4 information was not available for 8 southeastern controls and 33 patients with SLE. ANA: antinuclear antibody; SLE: systemic lupus erytheamtosus.