Characteristics of cases and controls and univariate analysis for risk factors associated with damage accrual in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
| Characteristic | Cases, n = 151 | Controls, n = 151 | OR (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs, mean ± SD | 38.8 ± 14.3 | 34.3 ± 12.9 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.0048 |
| Female, n (%) | 124 (82.1) | 133 (88.1) | 0.65 (0.36, 1.21) | 0.1731 |
| White, n (%) | 117 (77.5) | 110 (73.3) | 1.28 (0.76, 2.16) | 0.3551 |
| Finished high school, n (%) | 99 (83.2) | 110 (88.7) | 0.77 (0.34, 1.75) | 0.5328 |
| AMS in the first 3 yrs | 6.5 ± 4.4 | 6.0 ± 4.3 | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | 0.2632 |
| Maximum SLEDAI-2K in the first 3 yrs | 14.9 ± 8.2 | 14.7 ± 8.2 | 1.08 (0.95, 1.23) | 0.2513 |
| Used immunosuppressive drug in the first 3 yrs (%) | 69 (45.7) | 40 (26.5) | 2.71 (1.55, 4.72) | 0.0005 |
| Used azathioprine in the first 3 yrs (%) | 59 (39.1) | 31 (20.5) | 2.75 (1.55, 4.87) | 0.0005 |
| Cumulative dose of steroids (g) in the first 3 yrs, median (Q1, Q3) | 11.9 (3.4, 23.2) | 5.0 (0.0, 12.9) | 1.06 (1.03, 1.09) | 0.0001 |
| Used HCQ in the first 3 yrs (%) | 38 (25.2) | 54 (35.8) | 0.33 (0.15, 0.74) | 0.0071 |
| Duration of HCQ use, mo, in 3 yrs, median (Q1, Q3) | 0.0 (0.0, 6.9) | 0.0 (0.0, 27.8) | 0.977 (0.958–0.997) | 0.0254 |
AMS: adjusted mean SLEDAI (mean ± SD); SLEDAI-2K: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index; Q: quartile; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine.