Table 2.

Mean levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and hemostatic and disease activity markers of the study participants at baseline and after 12 months. Values are mean (SD).

Measure	Intervention, n = 178	Placebo, n = 89	Controls, n = 175
IL-1, pg/ml
Baseline	0.59 (0.91)^*	0.60 (0.92)^*	0.35 (0.45)
12 mo	0.43 (0.53)^**	0.61 (0.89)
IL-6, pg/ml
Baseline	8.85 (6.75)^*	8.82 (6.71)^*	1.18 (2.21)
12 mo	5.11 (7.11)^**	7.96 (7.77)
IL-18, pg/ml
Baseline	485.22 (199.45)^*	483.01 (199.91)^*	224.61 (89.93)
12 mo	400.05 (192.37)^**	482.87 (198.34)
TNF-α, pg/ml
Baseline	8.80 (8.22)^*	8.43 (8.12)^*	0.94 (1.13)
12 mo	4.63 (7.79)^**	8.01 (7.58)
ESR, mm/h
Baseline	35.52 (9.92)^*	32.25 (10.11)^*	10.6 (1.1)
12 mo	15.11 (4.47)^**	30.18 (9.99)
Anti-dsDNA, U/ml
Baseline	55.8 (14.1)^*	55.6 (14.2)^*	11.8 (12.2)
12 mo	32.8 (12.7)^**	44.8 (13.9)
Anti-Sm, U/ml
Baseline	10.79 (9.01)^*	10.75 (8.81)^*	0.9 (1.1)
12 mo	8.21 (7.82)^**	9.99 (7.94)
C4, mg/l
Baseline	0.166 (0.091)	0.168 (0.089)	NA
12 mo	0.270 (0.071)^**	0.171 (0.079)
Fibrinogen, mg/dl
Baseline	335.17 (99.01)^*	332.42 (105.14)^*	186.21 (48.11)
12 mo	259.97 (88.65)^**	334.89 (98.93)
vWF, pg/ml
At baseline	228.23 (128.16)^*	229.10 (127.81)^*	132.58 (68.59)
12 mo	200.61 (106.35)^**	233.44 (117.65)

↵* Significantly different from control group.
↵** Significantly different from placebo group. NA: not applicable; vWF: von Willebrand factor; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.