Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of 71 SLE patients with neuropsychiatric manifestations.
| Non-NPSLE, n = 25 | Undefined NPSLE, n = 5 | Inflammatory NPSLE, n = 21 | Ischemic NPSLE, n = 12 | Secondary NPSLE, n = 8 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), yrs | 42 (17) | 45 (15) | 42 (15) | 47 (13) | 34 (14) |
| Female, n (%) | 23 (92) | 4 (80) | 17 (91) | 12 (100) | 5 (63) |
| White, n (%) | 22 (88) | 4 (80) | 17 (81) | 9 (75) | 6 (75) |
| Diseases duration, mean (SD, yrs) | 8.4 (7.6) | 2.2 (1.9) | 7.9 (7.8) | 8.6 (8.6) | 14 (14.2) |
| Education level, n (%) | |||||
| Low | 2 (8) | 0 (0) | 3 (16) | 2 (17) | 0 (0) |
| Medium | 15 (60) | 5 (100) | 12 (63) | 6 (50) | 6 (75) |
| High | 8 (32) | 0 (0) | 4 (21) | 4 (33) | 2 (25) |
| Cumulative ACR manifestations, n (%) | |||||
| Malar rash | 13 (52) | 2 (40) | 11 (52) | 6 (50) | 6 (75) |
| Discoid rash | 5 (20) | 2 (40) | 3 (14) | 1 (8) | 0 |
| Photosensitivity | 10 (40) | 3 (60) | 9 (43) | 4 (33) | 1 (13) |
| Oral ulcers | 6 (24) | 0 | 6 (29) | 0 | 4 (50) |
| Serositis | 5 (20) | 2 (40) | 5 (24) | 3 (25) | 4 (50) |
| Arthritis | 21 (84) | 3 (60) | 16 (76) | 6 (50) | 6 (75) |
| Renal disorder | 9 (36) | 1 (20) | 4 (19) | 1 (8) | 6 (75) |
| Neurologic disorder | 3 (12) | 1 (20) | 3 (14) | 5 (42) | 0 |
| Hematologic disorder | 12 (48) | 2 (40) | 10 (48) | 9 (75) | 4 (50) |
| Immunologic disorder | 17 (68) | 3 (60) | 14 (67) | 9 (75) | 6 (75) |
| Antinuclear antibody | 25 (100) | 5 (100) | 20 (95) | 12 (100) | 7 (88) |
| Medication, n (%) | |||||
| Corticosteroids | 9 (36) | 2 (40) | 13 (62) | 3 (25) | 7 (88) |
| NSAID | 6 (24) | 1 (20) | 3 (14) | 1 (8) | 2 (25) |
| Antimalarials | 12 (48) | 2 (40) | 13 (62) | 2 (17) | 3 (38) |
| Immunosuppressants | 11 (44) | 2 (40) | 6 (29) | 3 (25) | 4 (50) |
| Antiplatelet medication | 4 (16) | 0 | 5 (24) | 3 (25) | 0 |
| Oral anticoagulants | 1 (4) | 0 | 4 (19) | 7 (58) | 0 |
| Symptom duration, mean (SD) yrs | 3.1 (4.5) | 0.6 (0.3) | 1.7 (3.4) | 2.7 (5.1) | 2.7 (3.7) |
| SLEDAI score, mean (SD) | 4.1 (4.7) | 6.4 (4.6) | 9.7 (5.4) | 6.7 (4.9) | 5.8 (5.6) |
| SLEDAI score, mean (SD) excluding NP | 4.1 (4.7) | 4.8 (4.4) | 5.2 (2.8) | 2.7 (2.3) | 4.8 (4.5) |
| Low complement (C3 or C4, n (%) | 12 (48) | 2 (40) | 12 (57) | 6 (50) | 5 (63) |
| MRI abnormality, n (%) | 12 (48) | 4 (80) | 15 (72) | 12 (100) | 3 (38) |
| Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (8) | 1 (13) |
| Hypertension | 3 (12) | 1 (20) | 5 (24) | 3 (25) | 4 (50) |
| Obesity | 3 (12) | 1 (20) | 2 (10) | 2 (17) | 1 (13) |
| Smoking | 7 (28) | 2 (40) | 2 (10) | 3 (25) | 1 (13) |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 3 (12) | 0 | 2 (10) | 0 | 3 (40) |
| Lupus anticoagulant | 7 (33) | 0 | 12 (57) | 7 (58) | 1 (13) |
| Anticardiolipin antibody IgG | 3 (12) | 0 | 7 (33) | 8 (67) | 1 (13) |
| Anticardiolipin antibody IgM | 3 (120 | 0 | 5 (24) | 1 (8) | 0 |
| Neurological assessment, n (%) | |||||
| Headache (if included in ICHD-II) | 12 (48) | 0 | 9 (43) | 6 (50) | 6 (75) |
| Seizures | 2 (8) | 1 (20) | 7 (33) | 3 (25) | 0 |
| Transient ischemic attacks | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (25) | 0 |
| Abnormalities on physical examination | 4 (12) | 0 | 9 (43) | 6 (50) | 1 (13) |
| Psychiatric assessment, n (%) | |||||
| No psychopathology | 11 (44) | 1 (20) | 9 (34) | 6 (50) | 6 (75) |
| Mood disorders (DSM-IV) | 12 (48) | 4 (80) | 7 (33) | 5 (42) | 2 (25) |
| Anxiety disorders (DSM-IV) | 1 (4) | 0 | 1 (5) | 0 | 1 (13) |
| Psychotic disorders (DSM-IV) | 4 (16) | 0 | 4 (20) | 1 (8) | 0 |
| Cognitive function, n (%) | |||||
| Normal | 12 (48) | 2 (40) | 4 (19) | 4 (33) | 5 (63) |
| Questionable | 8 (32) | 2 (40) | 2 (10) | 2 (17) | 2 (25) |
| Abnormal | 5 (20) | 1 (20) | 13 (62) | 6 (50) | 1 (13) |
NP: neuropsychiatric; ICHD: International Classification of Headache Disorders; DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; ACR: American College of Rheumatology; NSAID: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; SLEDAI: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.