Table 2.

Custom system for assigning level of evidence and strength of recommendation.

Levels of EvidenceStrength of Recommendation
IMetaanalyses, systematic reviews of RCT, or individual RCTAStrong recommendation:
  • Direct level I evidence

IIMetaanalysis, systematic reviews of observational studies (cohort/case control studies), or individual observational studiesBModerate recommendation:
  • Direct level II evidence or extrapolated level I evidence

OR
RCT subgroup/post-hoc analyses
IIINonanalytic studies, e.g., case reports, case seriesCWeak recommendation
  • Direct level III evidence or extrapolated level II evidence

IVExpert opinionDConsensus recommendation:
  • Expert opinion based on very limited evidence

NRRecommendations are not linked to evidence
  • RCT: randomized controlled trial; NR: not reported.