Table 3.

OR for SLE according to drinking characteristics among female Japanese subjects.

Characteristic	Cases/Controls	OR (95% CI)
Characteristic	Cases/Controls	Crude	Adjusted^*
Frequency of drinking, n (%)
Nondrinkers	77/145	1.0 (reference)	1.0 (reference)
Less than 1 day/week	56/261	0.40 (0.27–0.60)	0.37 (0.23–0.58)
1–3 days/week	22/61	0.68 (0.39–1.19)	0.52 (0.27–1.00)^††
4–7 days/week	16/25	1.20 (0.60–2.39)	0.63 (0.28–1.44)
p_trend		0.379	0.040
Drinkers	94/347	0.51 (0.36–0.73)	0.41 (0.27–0.63)
Alcohol consumed (ml)/wk on average^†
0	77/145	1.0 (reference)	1.0 (reference)
1–70 (light)	46/136	0.64 (0.41–0.98)	0.52 (0.31–0.86)
71–210 (moderate)	18/69	0.49 (0.27–0.88)	0.38 (0.19–0.76)
211+ (heavy)	18/32	1.06 (0.56–2.01)	0.67 (0.31–1.46)
p_trend		0.216	0.037
Type of alcohol
Beer
Nondrinkers	77/145	1.0 (reference)	1.0 (reference)
Non-beer drinkers	35/187	0.35 (0.22–0.56)	0.29 (0.17–0.50)
Drinkers	59/160	0.69 (0.46–1.04)	0.44 (0.27–0.72)
Sake (rice wine)
Nondrinkers	77/145	1.0 (reference)	1.0 (reference)
Non-sake drinkers	76/308	0.46 (0.32–0.67)	0.38 (0.24–0.59)
Drinkers	18/39	0.87 (0.47–1.62)	0.61 (0.29–1.26)
Whisky
Nondrinkers	77/145	1.0 (reference)	1.0 (reference)
Non-whisky drinkers	84/315	0.50 (0.35–0.72)	0.41 (0.27–0.64)
Drinkers	10/32	0.59 (0.27–126)	0.36 (0.15–0.87)
Shochu (distilled spirit)
Nondrinkers	77/145	1.0 (reference)	1.0 (reference)
Non-shochu drinkers	74/261	0.53 (0.37–0.78)	0.41 (0.26–0.64)
Drinkers	20/86	0.44 (0.25–0.77)	0.38 (0.20–0.73)
Wine
Nondrinkers	77/145	1.0 (reference)	1.0 (reference)
Non-wine drinkers	79/300	0.50 (0.34–0.72)	0.39 (0.25–0.61)
Drinkers	15/47	0.60 (0.32–1.14)	0.48 (0.23–0.99)

↵* Adjusted for age, region, smoking status, and education background.
↵† Several observations with missing values.
↵†† p = 0.05. SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus.