Ethnicity-stratified univariate and multivariate analyses of the effect of lower education levels on cardiovascular risk factors, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular accident in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort. High education: ≥ 12 years (reference); low education: < 12 years. Significant results are shown in bold type.
| Group | Univariate | Multivariate* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | (95% CI) | p | OR | (95% CI) | p | |
| Whites | ||||||
| Current Smoking | 4.49 | (1.67, 7.57) | < 0.001 | 3.13 | (1.73, 5.64) | < 0.001 |
| Past smoking | 3.11 | (1.85, 5.23) | < 0.001 | 2.56 | (1.44, 4.55) | 0.001 |
| Obesity | 1.47 | (0.90, 2.42) | 0.13 | 1.23 | (0.70, 2.16) | 0.47 |
| Hypertension | 1.12 | (0.68, 1.84) | 0.65 | 0.86 | (0.49, 1.52) | 0.61 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.28 | (0.77, 2.13) | 0.35 | 1.10 | (0.62, 1.98) | 0.74 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.30 | (0.58, 2.95) | 0.52 | 0.87 | (0.35, 2.16) | 0.76 |
| Myocardial infarction | 3.13 | (1.40, 6.70) | 0.005 | 1.61 | (0.62, 4.16) | 0.33 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 1.32 | (0.59, 3.00) | 0.50 | 0.89 | (0.36, 2.23) | 0.81 |
| African Americans | ||||||
| Current smoking | 4.09 | (2.63, 6.35) | < 0.001 | 2.98 | (1.83, 4.86) | < 0.001 |
| Past smoking | 4.24 | (2.72, 6.62) | < 0.001 | 3.29 | (1.99, 5.44) | < 0.001 |
| Obesity | 1.10 | (0.72, 1.67) | 0.67 | 0.90 | (0.56, 1.44) | 0.65 |
| Hypertension | 1.99 | (1.23, 3.21) | 0.005 | 1.78 | (1.04, 3.05) | 0.04 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.52 | (0.98, 2.35) | 0.06 | 1.27 | (0.78, 2.06) | 0.34 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.43 | (1.47, 4.02) | 0.001 | 1.42 | (0.81, 2.49) | 0.22 |
| Myocardial infarction | 2.58 | (1.26, 5.28) | 0.01 | 2.18 | (0.98, 4.89) | 0.06 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 1.92 | (1.08, 3.43) | 0.03 | 1.46 | (0.78, 2.72) | 0.24 |
↵* Data are adjusted for age at SLE onset, sex, and income. SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus.