SLICC/ACR Damage Index comparison between male and female SLE (n = 1979).
| Damage | Male, n = 157 n (%) | Female, n = 1822 n (%) | OR (95% CI)* | Adjusted p* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ocular | ||||
| Any cataract ever | 23 (15.0) | 289 (16.6) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 0.2895 |
| Retinal change or optic atrophy | 11 (7.1) | 82 (4.6) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.6) | 0.4503 |
| Neuropsychiatric | ||||
| Cognitive impairment | 17 (11.0) | 129 (7.2) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.5) | 0.2245 |
| Seizures requiring therapy for 6 mo | 4 (9.0) | 81 (4.5) | 2.3 (1.2, 4.1) | 0.0076 |
| Cerebral vascular accident ever | 14 (9.0) | 160 (8.9) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.7) | 0.8519 |
| Cranial or peripheral neuropathy | 15 (9.7) | 180 (10.0) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) | 0.6940 |
| Transverse myelitis | 0 (0.0) | 17 (1.0) | — | Too few |
| Renal | ||||
| GFR < 50% | 21 (13.5) | 105 (5.8) | 2.9 (1.7, 4.9) | 0.0001 |
| Proteinuria > 3.5 g/day | 22 (14.3) | 130 (7.2) | 2.6 (1.5, 4.5) | 0.0005 |
| Endstage renal disease | 13 (8.4) | 85 (4.7) | 2.3 (1.2, 4.5) | 0.0102 |
| Pulmonary | ||||
| Pulmonary hypertension | 8 (5.2) | 87 (4.8) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.0) | 0.7657 |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | 10 (6.5) | 126 (7.0) | 0.9 (0.4, 1.7) | 0.6640 |
| Shrinking lung | 0 (0.0) | 7 (0.4) | — | Too few |
| Pleural fibrosis | 5 (3.2) | 48 (2.7) | — | Too few |
| Pulmonary infarction | 1 (0.6) | 10 (0.6) | — | Too few |
| Cardiovascular | ||||
| Angina | 12 (7.7) | 56 (3.1) | 2.2 (1.1, 4.3) | 0.0277 |
| Myocardial infarction | 17 (11.0) | 68 (3.8) | 2.5 (1.3, 4.8) | 0.0040 |
| Cardiomyopathy | 10 (6.5) | 67 (3.7) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.2) | 0.3404 |
| Valvular disease | 2 (1.3) | 50 (2.8) | — | Too few |
| Pericarditis | 1 (0.6) | 36 (2.0) | — | Too few |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 18 (11.8) | 106 (6.1) | 2.3 (1.3, 4.0) | 0.0042 |
| Hypertension for > 6 mo | 69 (45.4) | 614 (34.3) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.2) | 0.0151 |
| Peripheral vascular | ||||
| Venous thrombosis | 14 (9.0) | 65 (3.6) | 2.9 (1.6, 5.4) | 0.0006 |
| Claudication for > 6 mo | 3 (1.9) | 27 (1.5) | — | Too few |
| Minor tissue loss | 2 (1.3) | 14 (0.8) | — | Too few |
| Significant tissue loss | 1 (0.6) | 20 (1.1) | — | Too few |
| Gastrointestinal (GI) | ||||
| Infarction or resection of bowel | 20 (12.9) | 261 (14.5) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 0.3232 |
| Mesenteric insufficiency | 0 (0.0) | 9 (0.5) | — | Too few |
| Chronic peritonitis | 0 (0.0) | 8 (0.4) | — | Too few |
| Upper GI stricture or surgery | 2 (1.3) | 20 (1.1) | — | Too few |
| Pancreatitis | 1 (0.6) | 11 (0.6) | — | Too few |
| Musculoskeletal | ||||
| Muscle atrophy or weakness | 3 (1.9) | 59 (3.3) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.9) | 0.3577 |
| Deforming or erosive arthritis | 6 (3.8) | 124 (7.0) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.3) | 0.1957 |
| Osteoporosis | 14 (9.0) | 218 (12.0) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.1747 |
| Avascular necrosis | 18 (11.5) | 177 (9.8) | 1.6 (0.9, 2.8) | 0.0845 |
| Osteomyelitis | 3 (1.9) | 17 (0.9) | — | Too few |
| Ruptured tendon | 3 (1.9) | 51 (2.8) | — | Too few |
| Skin | ||||
| Scarring chronic alopecia | 5 (3.2) | 81 (4.5) | — | Too few |
| Extensive scarring or panniculum | 2 (1.3) | 52 (2.9) | — | Too few |
| Skin ulceration for > 6 mo | 3 (1.9) | 25 (1.4) | — | Too few |
| Endocrine | ||||
| Premature gonadal failure | 1 (0.6) | 100 (5.6) | — | Too few |
| Diabetes | 16 (10.3) | 153 (8.5) | 1.1 (0.7, 2.0) | 0.6351 |
| Malignancy | 24 (15.7) | 178 (9.9) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.6) | 0.0613 |
| Death | 18 (11.5) | 113 (6.2) | 2.0 (1.1, 3.4) | 0.0159 |
↵* Adjusted for ethnicity, history of smoking, age at last assessment, and duration of SLE at last assessment. GFR: glomerular filtration rate; SLICC/ACR: Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus.