Table 1.

Studies of male versus female SLE.

Clinical/Laboratory SLE Manifestations
StudyNo. Male/FemaleMean Age, yrsEthnicity, %Study DesignDecreasedIncreased
Miller 1983150/5045White 46
AA 2
Asian 2		CohortNeurological involvement, alopecia, thrombocytopeniaPleurisy
Hochberg 1985312/13831.4White 83
AA 17		CohortLater disease onset, peripheral neuropathy
Font 1992630/23134SpanishCohortArthritis, malar rashDiscoid lesions, serositis, subacute cutaneous LE
Ward and Studenski 1990762/29944.7White 64.9Cross-sectionalSeizures, renal failure
Aydintug 1992816/231NDUnited KingdomCohortSerositis
Cervera 19931892/90837White 97
AA 2
Other 1		CohortArthritisSerositis
Koh 19942161/8634.1Chinese 71
Malay 16
Indian 8
Others 5		Cross-sectionalArthritis, leukopenia, anti-Ro, anti-La
Pande 19942239/—NDIndianCross-sectionalDiffuse proliferative lupus nephritis, hypocomplementemia, psychosisInfections
Specker 19941421/82NDWhiteCross-sectionalCardiac involvement, renal involvement, endstage renal disease, thromboembolic complications, IgG anticardiolipin
Molina 199615107/120926Colombians 49
Mexicans 51		Cross-sectionalRaynaud’sRenal involvement, nephrotic syndrome, vascular thrombosis, anti-dsDNA
Mok 19991651/20131.0ChineseCross-sectionalAlopecia, Raynaud’s, anti-RoRenal impairment, cardiovascular damage
Keskin 20001930/10036.9TurkishCross-sectionalAlopecia, photosensitivity, skin lesions, Raynaud’sArthritis, hepatomegaly, pericarditis
Prete 2001202188/42655.5White 71.2
AA 22.5
Hispanic 4.6
Other 1.7		Retrospective hospital discharge recordsThyroid diseaseOlder age at onset
Aranow 2002918/3637.3White 50
AA 17
Hispanic 28
Other 5		Age and duration-matched case-controlCerebritis, deep venous thrombosis, anticardiolipin
Voulgari 20021168/42143.1GreekCohortPhotosensitivity, muscosal ulcers, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, increased ESR, anti-Ro/LaSerositis, renal involvement
Garcia 200512123/109129.2White 9.3
AA 10.5
Mestizo 11		Inception cohortShorter delay to diagnosisFever, weight loss, hypertension, renal disease, hemolytic anemia, IgG anticardiolipin, low C3
Andrade 20071063/55537.1White 41.3
AA 38.1
Hispanic 18.6		CohortLupus arthritisLAC, lupus nephritis
Mongkoltanatus 20081337/7434.6ThaiAge-matched case-controlAlopecia, arthralgia, Raynaud’s, psychosisThrombocytopenia, renal insufficiency
Stefanidou 20111759/535NDGreeceCohortArthralgia, alopecia, Raynaud’s, photosensitivityThromboses, nephropathy, strokes, gastrointestinal tract symptoms, antiphospholipid syndrome, tendonitis, myositis, infections

  • AA: African American; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; LAC: lupus anticoagulant; ND: not determined; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate.