Independent Variable | Measure Estimate | Standard Error | 95% CI for β | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Disease duration | 0.057 | 0.008 | 0.042–0.072 | < 0.001 |
Age | 0.017 | 0.004 | 0.009– −0.025 | < 0.001 |
Low income | −0.154 | 0.057 | −0.267– −0.041 | 0.007 |
Disease activity (SLAM-R) | 0.049 | 0.015 | 0.018–0.079 | 0.002 |
Cyclophosphamide treatment (ever) | 0.667 | 0.184 | 0.305–1.084 | < 0.001 |
Prednisone treatment (at baseline visit) | 0.284 | 0.129 | 0.029–0.538 | 0.029 |
* All the analyses were done using stepwise, forward, and backward linear regression analyses, with identical results. Variables excluded from the final model were ethnicity, high school completion, total ACR criteria met, physician global VAS, anti-Sm antibody, renal lupus, antimalarial treatment, and mycophenolate treatment. SLAM-R: revised Systemic Lupus Activity Measure.